臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
掩埋場複合襯裡中之人造地工止水膜，因其厚度甚薄（60mils），以致於在掩埋場襯裡之施工或使用過程中，常產生缺陷、破洞，使得掩埋場滲出水滲漏，污染地下水體，造成所謂之二次污染問題。目前國內外對掩埋場滲漏之監測，主要於上、下游設置水井，以監測地下水質，若掩埋場有滲漏之餘時，污染以蔓延至地下水體中，無法有效的提供預警作用。因此本研究旨在於建立一預測模式，進行掩埋場襯裡缺陷滲漏之模擬與預測，並預測襯裡層貫穿之時間，以提供一有效之預警作用。
瞭解掩埋場襯裡缺陷滲漏之實際狀況，模擬及預測其因缺陷產生之滲流軌跡，乃是本研究之重大課題。因此本研究將進行現地缺陷滲漏之模擬試驗，以實際之掩埋場襯裡作為缺陷模擬之對象，於缺陷處埋設儀器監測其滲漏之狀況。將監測資料搭配有限元素程式（FEMWATER模式），進一步建立及修正預測模式中之參數。
研究結果顯示利用FEMWATER模式做為主體之預測模式，預測缺陷直徑尺寸為3cm，其襯裡層厚度為30cm及60cm之襯裡層貫穿時間，分別為11.84年及21.45年，另缺陷直徑尺寸為6cm，其襯裡層厚度為30cm及60cm之襯裡層貫穿時間，分別為5.75年及11.01年。結果顯示於定水頭（30cm）狀況下，襯裡層之貫穿時間會隨著缺陷尺寸直徑增加而減少。

Abstract
The geomembrane is partially damaged in the landfill construction and operation due to its thin thickness (60 mils). This damage was called the defect. The leachate in landfill may leakage through the defect, then polluting the groundwater. At present, the up-gradient and down-gradient wells are installed to monitor whether the quality of background water does change at regular frequencies. However, the leak detection of the monitoring well could not provide an early warning. The purpose of the research is to set up a model for simulating and predicting the leakage through the defects in the composite liner. The model not only can predict the time of breakthrough for the leakage in a mudstone liner, but also can provide an early warning for landfill operation and management.
The scope of work is to monitor the in-situ leakage in a composite liner and to predict the leakage due to geomembrane defects. In this study, the test pad was used to simulate the leakage through the composite liner. The electrical sensors were installed at the same depths and positions in three different simulated defects. Then, the mathematical model (FEMWATER) was used to analyze the monitoring data for adjusting the parameters of the early warning model.
The result shows that an early warning model has well established and has well accepted on the leakage simulation. As the leakage passed through 3-cm defect in diameter, the time of breakthrough from 30-cm and 60-cm thick liner is approximately 11.84 years and 21.45 years, respectively. For 6-cm defect in diameter, the time of breakthrough from 30-cm and 60-cm thick liner is 5.75 years and 11.01 years, respectively. It can be concluded that the diameter of defect has a decisive influence on the time that the leakage passed through the mudstone liner under constant-head condition.

目 錄
中文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
英文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II
誌謝-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III
目錄-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
表目錄----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI
圖目錄---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII
一、緒論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 研究動機-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 研究目的 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 研究內容 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
二、文獻回顧與相關理論----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1 掩埋場之構造---------------------------------------------------------------------------4
2.2 掩埋場襯裡系統------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.1天然襯裡層-------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.2人造襯裡層-------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.3複合襯裡層-------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.2.4襯裡系統----------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.3 地工止水膜缺陷滲漏之相關研究---------------------------------------------------9
2.3.1 缺陷定義與破損原因-------------------------------------------------------------9
2.3.2 滲漏之相關研究-----------------------------------------------------------------10
2.3.3 滲漏之監測方式-----------------------------------------------------------------12
2.3.4 濕潤半徑--------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2.4 土壤濕度量測之相關研究-----------------------------------------------------------13
2.4.1電阻法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
2.4.2電容法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
2.5 掩埋場滲漏之數值模擬方法－FEMWATER程式之簡介---------------------15
2.5.1 FEMWATER與其前處理程式GMS之簡介 --------------------------------15
2.5.2 FEMWATER模式之原理說明--------------------------------------------------17
2.5.3保持曲線----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
三、實驗材料與方法-----------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.1 實驗材料--------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.1.1實驗土樣----------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.1.2實驗液體----------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.2 實驗方法--------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
3.2.1 實驗土壤之基本分析-----------------------------------------------------------21
3.2.2 感測計之測試與校正-----------------------------------------------------------22
3.2.3 缺陷滲漏之模擬-----------------------------------------------------------------23
3.2.4 現地試驗平台之設置-----------------------------------------------------------24
3.2.5 滲漏試驗之架設-----------------------------------------------------------------25
3.3.1 3維數值模型之建立-------------------------------------------------------------25
3.3.2 FEMWATER相關輸入參數之設定--------------------------------------------26
四、結果與討論-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
4.1現地模擬試驗監測資料之分析------------------------------------------------------37
4.1.1現地監測資料之分析------------------------------------------------------------37
4.1.2現地監測資料之驗證------------------------------------------------------------38
4.2預測模式之修正------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.2.1基本參數之修正------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.2.2蒸發量之修正---------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.2.3模式模擬結果之驗證------------------------------------------------------------39
4.3襯裡層貫穿時間之預測分析---------------------------------------------------------40
4.4預測模式之靈敏度分析---------------------------------------------------------------41
4.4.1靈敏度分析方式------------------------------------------------------------------41
4.4.2 水頭高度--------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.4.3 缺陷尺寸--------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.4.4 透水係數--------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.4.5 蒸發量-----------------------------------------------------------------------------43
4.4.6土壤參數α值---------------------------------------------------------------------43
4.4.6土壤參數n值---------------------------------------------------------------------44
4.4.7各項參數之綜合評估------------------------------------------------------------44
五、結論與建議-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
5.1結論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
5.2建議--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
參考文獻-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73
表 目 錄
表2.1天然襯裡層土樣選用之建議值-------------------------------------------------------- 5
表3.1基本物性分析結果-----------------------------------------------------------------------27
表4.1監測資料驗證分析表--------------------------------------------------------------------45
表4.2模式之基本參數--------------------------------------------------------------------------46
表4.3蒸發量折減係數回歸分析結果--------------------------------------------------------46
表4.4模擬值與實際直之回歸分析表--------------------------------------------------------47
表4.5襯裡層貫穿時間之預測分析表--------------------------------------------------------48
表4.6水頭高度之靈敏度分析表--------------------------------------------------------------48
表4.7缺陷尺寸之靈敏度分析表--------------------------------------------------------------49
表4.8透水係數之靈敏度分析表--------------------------------------------------------------50
表4.9蒸發量之靈敏度分析表-----------------------------------------------------------------51
表4.10土壤參數α之靈敏度分析表----------------------------------------------------------53
表4.11土壤參數n之靈敏度分析表----------------------------------------------------------52
圖 目 錄
圖2.1掩埋場示意圖----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
圖2.2複合襯裡層與單一襯裡層滲透行為之比較----------------------------------------- 7
圖2.3地工止水膜與夯實黏土層間緊密接觸之正確設計方式示意圖----------------- 7
圖2.4襯裡系統之種類 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
圖2.5地工止水膜產生缺陷時之滲漏機制--------------------------------------------------11
圖2.6二維空間滲流之各個假設機制--------------------------------------------------------11
圖2.7三維空間有介面流之機制圖-----------------------------------------------------------12
圖2.8二維空間之側向滲流之示意圖--------------------------------------------------------13
圖2.9濕潤半徑之關係圖-----------------------------------------------------------------------13
圖2.10基本電路圖-------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
圖2.11GMS模擬之流程------------------------------------------------------------------------16
圖2.12傳統之土壤保持曲線-------------------------------------------------------------------19
圖3.1泥岩材料粒徑分析曲線-----------------------------------------------------------------27
圖3.2標準夯實曲線-----------------------------------------------------------------------------27
圖3.3校正曲線-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------28圖3.4磚窯場之混練機--------------------------------------------------------------------------28
圖3.5混練機之進料-----------------------------------------------------------------------------28
圖3.6土量溼度值之配製-----------------------------------------------------------------------29
圖3.7現地溼度值試驗--------------------------------------------------------------------------29
圖3.8整地作業-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
圖3.9磚塊層之舖設-----------------------------------------------------------------------------30
圖3.10磚塊層之滾壓----------------------------------------------------------------------------30
圖3.11基礎層之舖設----------------------------------------------------------------------------30
圖3.12基礎層之滾壓----------------------------------------------------------------------------31
圖3.13襯裡層之舖設----------------------------------------------------------------------------31
圖3.14襯裡層之滾壓----------------------------------------------------------------------------31
圖3.15工地密度試驗之孔洞-------------------------------------------------------------------32
圖3.16工地密度試驗----------------------------------------------------------------------------32
圖3.17舖設完成之襯裡層----------------------------------------------------------------------32
圖3.18試驗位置之放樣-------------------------------------------------------------------------33
圖3.19感測計之埋設----------------------------------------------------------------------------33
圖3.20感測計之測試----------------------------------------------------------------------------33
圖3.21填補埋設之孔洞-------------------------------------------------------------------------34
圖3.22壓克力管柱之溝槽----------------------------------------------------------------------34
圖3.23壓克力管柱之固定----------------------------------------------------------------------34
圖3.24壓克力管柱之錨定----------------------------------------------------------------------35
圖3.25超音波感測計之設置-------------------------------------------------------------------35
圖3.26滲漏模擬試驗之進行-------------------------------------------------------------------35
圖3.27自動監測系統之設備-------------------------------------------------------------------36
圖3.28數值模型之網格系統-------------------------------------------------------------------36
圖4.1感測計埋設位置圖-----------------------------------------------------------------------54
圖4.2深度5cm監測點電流與時間之關係------------------------------------------------55
圖4.3深度7.5cm監測點電流與時間之關係----------------------------------------------55
圖4.4深度10cm監測點電流與時間之關係-----------------------------------------------55
圖4.5深度15cm監測點電流與時間之關係-----------------------------------------------56
圖4.6深度25cm監測點電流與時間之關係-----------------------------------------------56
圖4.7深度5cm監測點溼度值與時間之關係---------------------------------------------56
圖4.8深度7.5cm監測點溼度值與時間之關係-----------------------------------------57
圖4.9深度10cm監測點溼度值與時間之關係------------------------------------------57
圖4.10深度15cm監測點溼度值與時間之關係------------------------------------------57
圖4.11深度25cm監測點溼度值與時間之關係------------------------------------------58
圖4.12蒸發量與時間之關係-------------------------------------------------------------------58
圖4.13溫度與時間之關係----------------------------------------------------------------------58
圖4.14深度25cm監測值與模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------------59
圖4.15深度25cm殘差值與時間之關係---------------------------------------------------59
圖4.16監測點10D11N觀測值與模擬值之比較--------------------------------------------59
圖4.17監測點10D11E觀測值與模擬值之比較--------------------------------------------60
圖4.18監測點10D11S觀測值與模擬值之比較--------------------------------------------60
圖4.19監測點10D11W觀測值與模擬值之比較-------------------------------------------60
圖4.20監測點10D11N、10D11S平均觀測值與模擬值之比較---------------------------61
圖4.21監測點10D11E、10D11W平均觀測值與模擬值之比較--------------------------61
圖4.22監測點5D19N觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係------------------------------------61
圖4.23監測點5D13NE觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係----------------------------------62
圖4.24監測點5D19E觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-------------------------------------62
圖4.25監測點5D13SE觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-----------------------------------62
圖4.26監測點5D19S觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-------------------------------------63
圖4.27監測點5D13SW觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係----------------------------------63
圖4.28監測點5D19W觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係------------------------------------63
圖4.29監測點5D13NW觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------64
圖4.30監測點7.5D5NE觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係----------------------------------64
圖4.31監測點7.5D5SE觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係----------------------------------64
圖4.32監測點7.5D5SW觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------65
圖4.33監測點7.5D5NW觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------65
圖4.34監測點10D11N觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-----------------------------------65
圖4.35監測點10D17NE觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------66
圖4.36監測點10D11E觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-----------------------------------66
圖4.37監測點10D17SE觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------66
圖4.38監測點10D11S觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-----------------------------------67
圖4.39監測點10D11SW觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係---------------------------------67
圖4.40監測點10D11W觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係----------------------------------67
圖4.41監測點10D17NW觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係--------------------------------68
圖4.42監測點15D5N觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係------------------------------------68
圖4.43監測點15D5E觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-------------------------------------68
圖4.44監測點15D5S觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係-------------------------------------69
圖4.45監測點15D5W觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係------------------------------------69
圖4.46監測點25D0觀測值及模擬值與時間之關係--------------------------------------69
圖4.47缺陷直徑3cm貫穿厚度30cm襯裡層之剖面----------------------------------70
圖4.48缺陷直徑3cm貫穿厚度60cm襯裡層之剖面----------------------------------70
圖4.49缺陷直徑6cm貫穿厚度30cm襯裡層之剖面----------------------------------70
圖4.50缺陷直徑6cm貫穿厚度60cm襯裡層之剖面----------------------------------70

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