臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　在JPEG2000中，錯誤容忍度(Error-Resilience)的作法是採將同步標記(Resynchronization marker)加在precinct header的前後，其能夠保護的資料流(data stream)僅能以一個precinct為單位，而在JPEG2000中，一個precinct往往是組成較大一級的圖解析度(每大一級為原解析度4倍)或更佳品質(可由使用者決定)所必需的資訊，使得當發生錯誤時，這樣的作法無法解回一個在應用上完整的圖像(完整解析度或完整的品質)。因此我們提出了一個方法稱之Uneven Block-sized Information Included Marker (UBIIM) 做為JPEG2000上錯誤容忍度的新作法。在新做法中，我們在每個區塊(code-block)之後緊接著插入了一個具附加資訊的識別字，我們稱之為IIM，也因此，我們保護資料流將縮小到以區塊為單位。此IIM不但具同步標記的功能，並且附加了DC Index和AC Index兩個資訊；其中DC Index是從其對應區塊的鄰近區塊中找到一個像素值和其最為接近的區塊，而AC Index是由其對應區塊相對位置處但高一階層(level)中找到一個紋路相近的參考區塊。當發生錯誤時，我們會利用IIM中的DC Index和AC Index計算出一個新區塊來代替錯誤的區塊，而達到有效的錯誤隱藏(Error-Concealment)。同時，為了防止當採用加入IIM時會降低壓縮比，我們根據資料的重要性,採用Uneven code-block size來有效地插入IIM；即在比較重要的資料中插入較多的IIM，而在比較不重要的資料中插入較少的IIM。如此一來，我們就可以減少IIM使用量，但仍然可以達到足夠的錯誤容忍能力。

　　In traditional JPEG2000, we insert resynchronization markers into the head and the tail of a precinct to achieve the error-resilience. As such, it can protect other precincts when a precinct is affected by errors. However, a precinct is a necessary unit to form a higher-level resolution (One higher-level resolution is 4 times as the primitive resolution) or a better-quality image. (User can classify different-layer qualities) Therefore, we propose a UBIIM (Uneven Block-sized Information Included Marker), in which we put an IIM follows each code-block. Thus, IIM can not only protect other code-blocks when a code-block is affected by errors, but also provide an error-concealment via DC Index and AC Index included within IIM. DC Index is used to indicate one of the neighboring blocks of the erroneous block, and pixel values of the block will be most similar as the erroneous block. AC Index is used to indicate the block in the corresponding position of the erroneous block in the same subband of one-higher level, and pixel value distribution of the block is similar as the erroneous block. When errors occur, we will form a new block to replace the erroneous block by DC Index and AC Index of IIM, as such, we can achieve error-concealment. Moreover, to avoid the heavy overhead by adopting the proposed UBIIM, the uneven code-block size is used to efficiently arrange where IIMs are inserted. We insert more IIMs into more important data and insert less IIMs into less important data to reduce the number of IIMs. As such, we can reserve the ability of error-resilience when reducing the number of IIMs.

摘要……………………………………………………………V
Abstract………………………………………………………VII
Acknowledgement……………………………………………VIII
List of Tables…………………………………………………IX
List of Figures…………………………………………………XII

Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………1

Chapter 2 JPEG2000 and Its Error-Resilience…………………5
　　2-1 Main procedures in JPEG2000………………………5
　　2-2 Error-Resilience in JPEG2000……………………… 9

Chapter 3 Uneven Block sized Information Included Marker…18
　　3-1 Uneven code-block size……………………………18
　　3-2 Information Included Marker………………………27

Chapter 4 Experimental Results………………………………40

Chapter 5 Conclusion…………………………………………56

Reference………………………………………………………58
Vita……………………………………………………………61

[1] Hong Man, Faouzi Kossentini, and Mark J. T. Smith, “An error resilient coding technique for JPEG2000,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 2000.

[2] Iole Moccagatta, Salma, Soudagar, Jie Liang, and Homer Chen, “Error-Resilience Coding in JPEG2000 and MPEG4,” IEEE Journal on Slected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 6, JUNE 2000.

[3] Hong Man, Faouzi Kossentini, and Mark J. T. Smith, “A Family of Efficient and Channel Error-Resilience Wavelet/Subband Image Coders,” IEEE Trans. On Circuit and System for Video Technology, vol. 9 no. 1, FEB 1999.

[4] Iraj Sodagar, Bing-Bing Chai and John Wus, “A New Error-Resilience Technique for Image Compression Using Arithmetic Coding,” 2000 IEEE

[5] David W. Redmill and David R. Bull, “Error resilient arithmetic coding of still images,” in IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 96CH35919, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 109–112.

[6] David W. Redmill and Nick G. Kingsbury, “The EREC: An error-resilient technique for coding variable-length blocks of data,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 5, no.4, pp. 565-574, April 1996.

[7] Guy Cˆot´e, Michael Gallant, and Faouzi Kossentini, “Semi-Fixed-Length Motion Vector Coding for H.263-Based Low Bit Rate Video Compression,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 8, no. 10, Oct. 1999.

[8] J. Wen and J. Villasenor, “A class of reversible variable length codes for robust image and video coding,” Proc. 1997 IEEE Int. Conf. Image Proc., Santa Barbara, CA, Oct. 1997, pp. II-65-II-68.

[9] C. Christopoulos, T. Ebrahimi, and A. Skodras, “The upcoming JPEG2000 standard,” Invited Tutorial to the 11th Portuguese Conference on Pattern Recognition, Porto, Portugal, 11-12 May 2000.

[10] JPEG2000 Part I Final Committee Draft Version 1.0, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 N1646R, March 2000.

[11] W. Pennebaker and J. Mitchell, “JPEG Still Image Compression Standard,” New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.

[12] Stephen A. Martucci, Iraj Sodagar, Tihao Chiang, and Ya-Qin Zhang, “A Zerotree Wavelet Video Coder,” IEEE Trans. On Circuits and System for Video Technology, Vol. 7, no.1, Feb. 1997

[13] M. D. Adams and F. Kossentini, “Reversible integer-to-integer wavelet transforms for image compression: performance evaluation and analysis,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 2000

[14] C. Chrysafis, A. Ortega, “An algorithm for low memory wavelet image compression,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 24-28 Oct. 1999, Kobe, Japan.

[15] W. Sweldens, “The lifting scheme: construction of second generation wavelets,” SIAM J. Math. Anal., vol. 29, no.2, pp 511-546, 1997.

[16] Andy C. Hung, Ely K. Tsern, and Teresa H. Meng, “Error-Resilience Pyramid Vector Quantization for Image Compression,” IEEE Trans. On Image Processing, Vol. 7, no.
10, Oct. 1998.

[17] David Taubman, EBCOT: Embedded Block Coding with Optimized Truncation, ISO/IEC JTC/SC 29/ WG 1N 1684, April 2000.

[18] David Taubman, “Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000,” Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Vancouver, Canada, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 33-36

[19] Kuan-Fu Chen, Chung-Jr Lian and Hong-Hui Chen, Liang-Gee Chen, “Analysis and Architecture Design of EBCOT for JPEG2000,” 2001 IEEE

[20] Jue Wang and Liang Ji, “A Region and Data Hiding Based Error Concealment Scheme for Images,” IEEE Trans. On Consumer Electronics, Vol. 47, no. 2, May 2001

[21] B. Chai, I. Sodagar, and J. Wus, “Error Resilient Data Partitioning and Resynchronization Using Segment Markers,” ISO/IEC/JTC1/SC29/WG1 document wgln1194.

[22] Hongzhi Li and Chang Wen Chen, “Robust Image Transmission With Bi-directional Synchronization and Hierarchical Error Correction,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 11, Nov. 2001.

[23] Chang Wen Chen and Lei Cao, “Wavelet-based Multiple Hierarchical Error Resilient Entropy Coding for Robust Image Transmission,”

[24] W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell, “An Overview of the Basic Principles of the Q-Coder Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coder,” IBM J. Res. Develop. Vol. 32 no. 6, November 1988

[25] W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell, “Probability estimation for Q-Coder,” IBM J. Res. Develop. Vol. 32 no.6 November 1988

[26] W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell, “Software Implementations of the Q-Coder,” IBM J. Res. Develop. Vol. 32 November 1988

[27] W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell, “Optimal Hardware and Software Arithmetic Coding Procedures for the Q-Coder,” IBM J. Res. Develop. Vol. 32 no. 6, November 1988