臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

I. 台灣重要經濟酪梨栽培品種開花習性調查
調查 ‘嘉選一號’、‘嘉選二號’、‘嘉選三號’、‘嘉選四號’、 ‘Halemana’、 ‘Hall’、 ‘Choquette’、‘紅心細葉’、‘79-6-5-3’共9個台灣主要酪梨栽培品種之花序發育狀態與開花習性。綜合三年之資料顯示，9品種之開花日期約在十二至四月間，可分為早花、中花與晚花品種。其中‘嘉選四號’開花最早，於十二月初開花至三月底，‘嘉選三號’亦為早花品種，花期由十二月中至四月初。‘79-6-5-3’由一月底-三月中開花，‘嘉選一號’花期由一月底到四月初， ‘Halemana’ 於二月初到三月底開花，此三品種為中花品種。剩下之品種為晚花品種，‘Hall’為二月底到四月中，‘嘉選二號’ 三月初-四月初，‘紅心細葉’於三月初到四月初，‘Choquette’於三月初-四月中開花。各品種盛花期約在1-2個月間，開花期間溫度較高會使得盛花期的時間佔總花期的比例降低，且有花期提前結束之現象；然對晚花品種則可能由於花芽形成過程間溫度較高，使得花芽發育較慢，造成花期結束較晚之情形發生。
在正常氣候條件下，9品種除‘嘉選一號’、‘嘉選二號’、‘Hall’為B型品種外，其餘皆為A型品種。然夜間最低溫若低於18℃，尤其是在15℃以下，會造成‘嘉選三號’、 ‘嘉選四號’、‘Choquette’、‘Hall’等品種雌花階段開放時間延遲1至8小時、雄花階段1-3小時至隔日、雄花階段花藥破裂時間延後、雄花階段開放整天、雌花階段開放至隔日、與開花週期延長等現象。在台灣嘉義市之氣候下，A型品種於開花期間常會有1-3小時的有效雌雄花交疊期，B型品種由於雄花階段受低溫之影響不大，但雌花階段極易受影響，開放時間很容易延後或無法開放，因而較無法有雌雄花階段重疊期現象的產生。此外，統計受調查品種在雄花階段時，花柱仍具活性之比例在10-60%之間。依此兩現象可推斷台灣之酪梨品種有自交之機制存在，具有大面積栽植同一型品種之可能性。
II. 以逢機增殖多型性DNA(RAPD)標誌檢測酪梨品種之遺傳親緣性
酪梨(Persea americana Mill.)原生於中美洲，依其原生地分布之不同可分為墨西哥系、瓜地馬拉系與西印度系三個系統，可以葉片茴香味、新梢顏色、果皮、種皮、子葉、種子與果肉密合程度等性狀加以區分。然三系間無不親合性，長久以來系間不論是自然狀態或人為育種的雜交種數目漸多，使得以性狀分類方法較為困難，因此有必要以分子標誌方式來進行分類。
本試驗以行政院農委會農業試驗所嘉義農業試驗分所酪梨品種保存園之酪梨品種為材料，分析42個酪梨品種之遺傳親緣性。共使用21支10個鹼基序列的引子，得到107條具有多型性之條帶，平均每個引子產生5個多型性條帶。以Jaccard’s相似性係數計算遺傳相似度，並以UPGMA群集分析法得到之樹狀圖可將42品種分為三大群，於遺傳相似係數為0.27時先分成二大群，而後於相似係數0.33時分為三群。
第一群中又可分為四個亞群，第一、第二亞群為具單一系統之品種；第三亞群多為系間雜交品種，‘洪啟超’由於在相似係數0.47時即與第三亞群分開，因此獨立歸為第四亞群。第二群分為兩個亞群，第一亞群多為墨西哥系與瓜地馬拉系兩系雜交品種，其中參雜數個瓜地馬拉系品種，推測可能是育種選拔時雜交系品種特性較偏瓜地馬拉系，因此被分為同一亞群；第二亞群只有‘G755’，為瓜地馬拉系與近緣種Persea schiedeana雜交產生的品種，因此遺傳組成和第一亞群差異較大。第三群為墨西哥系品種。由於歷年來由國外引種之品種西印度系極少，參試品種中僅有一個，因此分群中無法獨自分成一群。
民間自行育成的品種均位於第一群，大部分集中在第一、第二亞群，‘洪啟超’較為特殊，獨自成為第四亞群。第二亞群內‘頭尾齊’和‘楊輝煌-1’兩品種遺傳相似係數高達97%，顯示兩者之遺傳物質組成極為相似，可能為同一品種，‘莊南山’與‘79-6-5-3’遺傳相似係數0.92，但果形不太相同，然第三亞群的‘嘉選十一號’和‘Choquette’，兩者之果形則差異無幾。第二群第一亞群內，‘Reed’和‘G Hass’的遺傳相似係數有0.85，顯示兩者有一定程度的親緣關係。10個重要經濟栽培品種都在第一群，顯示適合台灣平地栽培之酪梨品種以瓜地馬拉系、西印度系兩系及系間之雜交種為多。

I. Observations on Flowering Phenology of Main Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Cultivars in Taiwan
The flower bud formation and flowering behavior of 9 main avocado cultivars (‘CAES 1’, ‘CAES 2’, ‘CAES 3’, ‘CAES 4’, ‘Halemana’, ‘Hall’, ‘Choquette’, ‘Hung Shin Shi Yeh’, ‘79-6-5-3’) in Taiwan were observed for a period of three years. Data showed that total 9 cultivars flowered form December to April and could be divided into early, middle, and late blooming groups. The flowering period of ‘CAES4’ avocado begins at early December and ends at late March, which makes ‘CAES 4’ the earliest blooming cultivar. ‘CAES 3’ avocado is also an early blooming cultivar which flowers from mid December to early April. ‘79-6-5-3’ avocado flowers from late January to mid March, ‘CAES 1’ from late January to early April, ‘Halemana’ from early February to late March. These 3 cultivars mentioned above are mid blooming cultivars, while the other cultivars not mentioned are late blooming cultivars. The flowering period of ‘Hall’, ‘CAES 2’, ‘Hung Shin Shi Yeh’ and ‘Choquette’ avocado are from late February to mid April, early March to early February, early March to early April, and early March to mid April respectively. The full-bloom period of 9 cultivars is about 1 to 2 month. Warmer temperature during flowering period may lower the percentage of full-bloomed period and precede the end of flowering period. However, for late blooming cultivars, warmer temperature during flower bud formation may decrease development rate and delay the end of flowering period.
In normal conditions, except for ‘CAES 1’, ‘CAES2’, ‘Hall’ avocado which are defined for B type cultivars, others are A type cultivars. Low night temperature (meaning that minimum night temperature is lower than 18℃, especially lower than 15℃) caused the delaying of opening time of female stage flowers for 1 to 8 hours. Male stage flowers were also delayed for 1 to 3 hours, even opened at the next day, and the anther adhesive time were also delayed. Low night temperature also caused the opening period of male stage flowers to last for a whole day, and female flowers to last even to the next day. Thus the flowering cycle of every flower increased. In Taiwan, under the ambient environment conditions, A type cultivars often had 1 to 3 hours overlapping of male and female stage flowers during flowering period. Female stage flowers of B type cultivars were easily affected by low temperature, which delayed the opening or even prevented flowering that day. But male stage flowers had less or no effect when the temperature is low. So B type cultivars had no overlapping of male and female stage flowers. The availability of stigma at male stage flowers ranges from 10% to 60%. Based on the two phenomenon, it is concluded that Taiwan’s avocado cultivars had the mechanism for selfing (close pollination and self pollination) and makes it possible to plant only one type cultivars in broad areas.
II. Analysis of Genetic Relationship in Avocado Cultivars Using RAPD Markers
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) originates in Central America and can be divided into Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian races according to their original region. Three distinguishable horticultural races have long been recognized with traits such as leaf anise scent, new flush color, exocarp thickness, seed coat, cotyledon, and tightness in seed cavity. There is no barrier of pollination incompatibility between three races so that hybrids of any two races born easily and being more and more. That makes it difficult to distinguish the racial type of cultivars using botanical traits. Molecular marker provides a powerful strategy to make such distinctions.
Forty-two avocado cultivars from Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station were analyzed with RAPD techniques. 107 polymorphic bands were selected from 21 random primers, an average of 5 scorable bands per primer. An UPGMA cluster analysis dendrogram was made from Jaccard’s coefficient similarity matrix. 42 cultivars can be divided into 3 groups, the division of the first two groups is at 0.27 similarity, and with the division of the latter at 0.33 similarity.
Group I could be divided into 4 subgroups. Subgroup I and II contained cultivars which belong to only one horticultural race. Most cultivars in Subgroup III were two race hybrids. Subgroup IV had only one cultivar (‘Hung Chi Chao’). Group II could be divided into 2 subgroup. Subgroup I contained cultivars designated for Mexican × Guatemalan hybrids, while some cultivars were Guatemalan race. Subgroup II had only one cultivar(‘G755’, hybrids of Guatemalan race and Persea schiedeana). Group III contained cultivars which belong to Mexican race.
All cultivars breeded in legend located in Group I, almost in subgroup I and II, ‘Hung Chi Chao’ located in subgroup IV. ‘Tou Wei Chi’ and ‘Yang Hui Hwang — 1’ derived from Group I subgroup II has a high similarity coefficient of 97%. Similarity coefficient among ‘Chuan Nan Shan’ and ‘79-6-5-3’ is 92%, shows that genetic relationships within each cultivar pair is relatively high. ‘CAES 11’ vs. ‘Choquette’ and ‘Reed’ vs. ‘G Hass’ had a good relativity. Ten main cultivars in Taiwan were all located in Group I showed that cultivars of West Indian, Guatemalan, and their racial hybrids were well adapted to Taiwan’s plain cultivated areas.

I. 台灣重要經濟酪梨栽培品種開花習性調查
內容目次
摘要…………………………………………………………………1
前言…………………………………………………………………2
前人研究……………………………………………………………4
一、酪梨的生長物候………………………………………………4
二、酪梨的花序發育………………………………………………4
三、酪梨的開花行為………………………………………………6
四、溫度對酪梨開花的影響………………………………………7
五、授粉行為和著果間的關係……………………………………11
材料與方法…………………………………………………………12
一、酪梨花序發育與花期之調查…………………………………12
二、溫度對酪梨開花週期的影響…………………………………12
結果…………………………………………………………………17
一、酪梨花序發育與花期之調查…………………………………17
二、溫度對酪梨開花週期的影響…………………………………21
討論…………………………………………………………………27
一、酪梨花序發育與花期之調查…………………………………27
二、溫度對酪梨開花週期的影響…………………………………30
參考文獻……………………………………………………………58
Abstract……………………………………………………………60
圖表目次
表1. ‘嘉選一號’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…32
表2. ‘嘉選二號’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…33
表3. ‘嘉選三號’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…34
表4. ‘嘉選四號’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…35
表5. ‘Halemana’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…36
表6. ‘Hall’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比………37
表7. ‘Choquette’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…38
表8. ‘紅心細葉’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…39
表9. ‘79-6-5-3’酪梨品種於調查時間內於各階段花芽形成所佔之百分比…40
表10. 三年調查期內各品種開花期與盛花期之比較………………………………41
表11. 供試期間嘉義農業試驗分所單日溫濕度狀態………………………………42
表12. ‘嘉選三號’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………43
表13. ‘嘉選四號’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………44
表14. ‘Choquette’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………45
表15. ‘Hall’酪梨(B型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係……………………46
表16-1. ‘嘉選三號’與‘嘉選四號’酪梨於雄花階段柱頭仍呈白色之比率……47
表16-2. ‘Choguette’與‘Hall’酪梨於雄花階段柱頭仍呈白色之比率…………47
表17. ‘嘉選一號’酪梨(B型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………48
表18. ‘嘉選二號’酪梨(B型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………49
表19. ‘嘉選三號’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………50
表20. ‘嘉選四號’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………51
表21. ‘Halemana’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………52
表22. ‘Hall’酪梨(B型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係……………………53
表23. ‘Choquette’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………54
表24. ‘紅心細葉’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………55
表25. ’79-6-5-3’酪梨(A型)開花期間開花週期與氣溫之關係………………56
圖1. 雌花開放階段…………………………………………………………………15
圖2. 雄花開放階段…………………………………………………………………16
圖3. 9品種開花期示意圖…………………………………………………………57
附圖1. 試驗期間嘉義地區之月均溫………………………………………………62
II. 以逢機增殖多型性DNA(RAPD)標誌檢測酪梨品種之遺傳親緣性
內容目次
摘要…………………………………………………………………63
前言…………………………………………………………………65
前人研究……………………………………………………………66
一、植物性狀………………………………………………………66
二、起源與系統……………………………………………………66
三、酪梨在分類上的研究…………………………………………68
四、RAPD簡介…………….…………….………………………..69
五、台灣的酪梨產業發展………………………………………..69
材料與方法…………………………………………………………74
一、植物材料………………………………………………………74
二、植株DNA之抽取…………..………………………………… 74
三、聚合酶連鎖反應………………………………………………75
四、DNA電泳…………………………………………………… 75
五、資料分析………………………………………………………75
結果…………………………………………………………………77
討論…………………………………………………………………79
參考文獻……………………………………………………………89
Abstract……………………………………………………………92
圖表目次
表1. 於本試驗中所使用的酪梨品種及其所屬系統…………………….....................83
表2. 酪梨RAPD分析中所使用引子之序列及其所產生可共分析之多型性條帶數目…………… 84
表3. 不同酪梨品種依RAPD分析結果以107個多型性條帶計算所得之遺傳相似度矩陣……… 85
附表1. 酪梨品種RAPD分析107個多型性條帶紀錄…………………........................94
圖1. 酪梨收集品種RAPD分析圖譜…………………………………….......................87
圖2. 酪梨品種以107個多型性條帶經群集分析之聚類樹狀圖………………………..........88

I. 台灣重要經濟酪梨栽培品種開花習性調查
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II. 以逢機增殖多型性DNA(RAPD)標誌檢測酪梨品種之遺傳親緣性
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