臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

長柄菊（Tridax procumbens Linn.），為菊科多年生草本植物，亦是坊間青草茶常用之原料，具有清熱解毒，抗菌及抗腫瘤作用。本研究以長柄菊的花 (Flower) 、莖 (Stem)、葉 (Leave) 為原料，分別測試其抗氧化力、抑菌作用、抗發炎能力與抗肝癌效用。
實驗結果發現長柄菊各萃取層都具有抗氧化能力(DPPH、還原力、亞鐵離子螯合、總酚)，在DPPH清除自由基清除能力中以花乙醇層能力最佳，清除效果達88 %，其總酚含量總酚含量可達 120 mg/g；而螯合亞鐵離子能力則是以水層較佳螯合能力達 55%。抑菌試驗結果發現，不同部位之乙酸乙酯層，其對於李斯特菌具顯著的抑制作用，其中又以花之乙酸乙酯層效果較佳，抑菌圈達1.23 ±0.23cm。抗發炎介質nitric oxide (NO)方面，以花之乙酸乙酯有較佳的抑制效果能抑制76% NO的產生。抗肝癌試驗發現，花、莖及葉對肝癌細胞(SK-Hep-1)會有影響肝癌生長能力。在細胞轉移試驗結果發現，在轉移、侵襲性實驗及抑制癌細胞分泌侵襲因子表現上，花的乙醇萃取物有較佳，能降低17 % MMP-9表現量及12 % MMP-2表現量。綜合上述，在抗癌作用上有較佳的效果，且證實了花乙醇萃取物有抗肝癌細胞之轉移作用及抑制其生長的效果。

Tridax procumbens Linn. is used in folk medicine. It is reported that the plant shows antibacterial activity and contains antitumor chemical components. The purpose of this research was to evaluate antibacterial, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anticancer activity of T. procumbens Linn. The flowers , leaves and stems of T. procumbens were extracted with ten times of ethyl alcohol. The extract was then partitioned by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and water to evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. We also evaluate its anti-inflammation and anticancer activity of the flower.
The result showed that most of extracts had antimicrobial activities extracts from flower. The ethyl acetate extract was the most effective among all the extracts.
Most extracts from flowers, leaves and stems showed the good antioxidative activities especially the flower. The the ethyl acetate extracts presented the best on DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power and had the highest total phenolic compounds content .
We used the ethyl alcohol and water extracts of T. procumbens to treat RAW264.7 macrophage, which induced inflammation by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).In the NO assay, the extracts of T. procumbens flower had better inhibit
In MTT assay of SK-Hep-1, we found that extract of T. procumbens flower had the best inhibitory ability. We also found the ethyl alcohol extract of T. procumbens had the best to diminish the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2. The ethyl alcohol extracts of flower had good anti-migration and anti-invasion ability.

標題 i
謝誌 ii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
中文摘要ix
Abstract xx
第一章 前言1
第二章 文獻探討3
第一節 長柄菊簡介 3
第二節 長柄菊成分分析 4
第三節 長柄菊之生理活性： 6
第四節 發炎反應 10
第五節 癌症 16
第三章 材料與方法 17
材料 17
一、 長柄菊 17
二、 試驗菌株 17
四、 化學試劑 18
五、儀器設備 20
第二節 研究架構 22
第三節 方法 25
四、 抗氧化試驗 27
五、 細胞培養方法 29
第四章結果與討論 40
第一節 長柄菊之抑菌性分析 40
第二節 長柄菊花、葉、莖之抗氧化分析 41
一、 長柄菊花、葉、莖之清除DPPH自由基能力 41
二、長柄菊花、葉、莖之亞鐵離子螯合能力 41
三、長柄菊花、葉、莖之還原力 42
四、長柄菊花、葉、莖之總酚含量測定 42
第三節 長柄菊對LPS誘導RAW264.7 細胞生成ＮＯ2之影響 43
第四節 長柄菊花對CHO-K-1細胞之PPAR -Γ之測定 44
第五節 WESTERN BLOT結果 45
第六節 長柄菊不同溶劑萃取物對SK-HEP-1肝癌細胞生長之抑制作用 46
第七節 長柄菊對SK-HEP-1侵襲(INVASION)之抑制作用 47
第八節 長柄菊對SK-HEP-1移動(MIGRATION)之抑制作用 48
第九節 長柄菊對SK-HEP-1分泌MMP-2及MMP-9之影響 49
第五章 結論 50
參考文獻 53

1.
行政院衛生署。2010。國家衛生研究院電子報第370 期。
2.
李卓涵。2009。薑黃素及其結構類似物對於人類纖維肉瘤細胞 (HT-1080)抑制轉移活性之相關研究。臺北醫學大學生藥學研究所碩士論文。
3.
李婉如。2010。紅麴菌 Monascus purpur CWT715 發酵液之抗轉移及抗氧化作用。亞洲大學保線營養生技學系碩士論文。
4.
邱年永著。2003。原色臺灣藥用植物圖鑑(4)。南天出版社，221：248。
5.
邱昶達。2008。嚼食檳榔的口腔癌患者中第一型基質金屬蛋白酶的表現。臺北醫學大學牙醫學系碩士論文。
6.
邱碩宇。2010。飲食添加山苦瓜對內毒素誘發敗血症小鼠發炎反應之影響。亞洲大學保線營養生技學系碩士論文。
7.
胡敏夫。2005。 抗病原菌及病毒之天然植物簡介與植物保護製劑之研發。行政院農業委員會。
8.
徐晟旻。2005。本土植物抗生性資源永續利用。行政院農委會計畫研究報告。
9.
徐潤生、袁珂、殷明文、方磊傑、毛濃濃。2009。羽芒菊化學成
50
分研究。中草藥Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs，40( 7)：1015-1018。
10.
張永勳。2005。台灣青草藥店現狀之調查研究。中醫藥年報，23(5 )：337-448。
11.
張定霖、吳倩芳、楊佐琦、蕭吉雄。2005。本土植物抗生性資源永續利用。行政院農委會計畫研究報告。
12.
張麗颖。2008。蒲公英萃取物誘發人類肝癌希胞株 HepG2細胞凋亡 之研究。亞洲大學保線營養生技學系碩士論文。
13.
梁佳玟、賴怡君、朱燕華。2004。中草藥對於促發炎細胞激素生之影響。中醫藥雜誌，15(4)：93-304 。
14.
許宗賢。2005。不同辛香料抗氧化性質與其對法蘭克福香腸品質影響之研究。國立嘉義大學動物科學系碩士論文。
15.
陳立耿。2006。長柄菊之抗氧化與抗菌活性成分。國科會報告。
16.
黃晉修。2006。茄紅素體內外抗肝癌細胞轉移的效果及機制。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學研究所博士論文。
17.
楊明玉。2000。以氣相層析質譜儀分析氧化壓力指標-水楊酸鹽產物並評估多酚性化合物清除氫氧自由基之能力。國立台北醫學院藥學研究所碩士論文。 51
18.
楊家偉。2011。長柄菊萃取物抗發炎及抗癌之研究。第四次中國醫藥大學暨亞洲大學生物科技研討會。
19.
詹凱婷。2009。蒲公英萃取物對於小鼠巨噬細胞株RAW 264.7之抗發炎之研究。弘光科技大學生物科技研究所碩士論文。
20.
趙文婉。2007。以啟動子轉殖細胞株篩檢調節免疫力之中藥的模式建立。台灣農業化學與食品科學，45(4-5)：193-205。
21.
趙哲毅。2003。苦瓜活化過氧化體增殖劑活化受器及改變脂質代謝相關基因之表現。國立台灣大學微生物與生化學研究所營養科學組博士論文 。
22.
蔡宛蒓。2009。長柄菊乙醇萃取物抑菌作用與抗氧化能力之研究。台灣食品科學技術學會第39次年會報告。
23.
鄭武燦。2002。台灣植物圖鑑下冊。茂昌圖書。
24.
賴忠維。2009。三裂葉蟛蜞菊抑菌、抗氧化、抗發炎及抗癌之研究。亞洲大學保線營養生技學系碩士論文。
25.
謝俊生。2002。台灣金線連抑制肝癌細胞生長抗氧化機制的探討中國醫藥學院醫學研究所碩士論文。
26.
羅錦河。1999。肝癌的對策。健康世界雜誌。
27.
Ali, M,. Jahangir, M. (2002). A bis-bithiophene from Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae). Nat Prod Lett. 16: 217-21.
and inflammation. Cytokine＆Growth Factor Review. 13 : 413-421.
52
28.
Berger, I,. Barrientos, A, C,. Cáceres, A,. Hernández, M,. Rastrelli, L,. Passreiter, C, M,. Kubelka, W. (1998). Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 62 : 107-15.
29.
Bredt, D, S,. Snyder, S, H. (1990). Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requireing enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87 : 682-685.
30.
Brigham, K, L. (1991). Oxygen radicals an important mediator of sepsis and septic shock. Klin Wochenschr. 69 : 1004-8.
31.
Burn, R, P,. Tontomoz, P,. Forman, B, M,. Ellis, R,. Chen, J,. Evans, R, M,. Spiegelman, B, M. (1996). Differential activation of adipogenesis by multiple PPAR isoforms.Genes. Dev. 10 : 974-984.
32.
Cáceres, A,. López, B,. González, S,.Berger, I,. Tada, I,. Maki, J. (1998). Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 62: 195–202.
33.
Chen, W, H., Ma, X, M ., Wu, Q, X .,Shi, Y, P. (2008). Chemical-constituent diversity of Tridax procumbens.Can. J. Chem. 86 : 92–898.
34.
Christel, Q, D,. Bernard, G,. Jacques, V,. Thierry, D,. Francis, B. (2000). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 72 : 35-42.
35.
Clemens, M, R. (1991). Free radicals in chemical carcinogensis. Klin Wochenschr. 69 : 1123-34.
36.
Davidson, P, M., Parish, M, E. (1989). Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobials. Food Technology. 43 : 148-155.
37.
Decker, E, A., B, Welch. (1990). Role ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 38 : 674-677.
38.
Diwan, P, V.,Tilloo, L, D., Kulkarni, D, R. (1982). Influence of Tridax procumbens on wound healing. Indian J Med Res.75 : 460-4.
39.
Diwan, PV., Tilloo, LD., Kulkarni, DR. (1983). Steroid depressed wound healing and Tridax procumbens. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 27 : 32-6.
40.
Dreyer, C., Krey, G., Keller, H., Givel, F., Helftenbein, G., Wahli, W. (1992). Control of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by a
53
novel family of nuclear hormone receptor. Cell. 68 : 879-87.
41.
Factor, V, M., Laskowsk, D., Jensen, M, R., Woitach, J, T., Popescu, N,C. (2000). Thorgeirsson SS Viamin E reduces chromosomal damage and inhibits hepatic tumor formation in a transgenic mouse model Proc Natl Acad Sci.97 : 2196-201.
42.
Fajas, L., Fruchart, J, C, Auwerx, J. (1998). Transcriptional control of adipogenesis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10 : 165-173.
43.
Florian, M., Freimoser., Claude, A., Jakob, Aebi, Urs., Tuor. (1999).The_MTT[3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] Assay Is a Fast and Reliable Method for Colorimetric Determination of Fungal Cell Densities Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65：p 3727-3729.
44.
Francisco, B, M., Alicia, S., Manuel, D, L., Francisco, R. (1996). Lipid peroxidation products in human subretinal fluid. Free Radic Biol Med. 20 : 899-903.
45.
Getti, G., Durgadoss, P., Domínguez, C ,D., Martin, Q, Z., Peraza, Sánchez, S., Peña, Rodriguez, L, M., Humber, D. (2009). Leishmanicidal activity of Yucatecan medicinal plants on Leishmania species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasitol. 95: 456-60.
46.
Graziewicz, M., Wink, D, A., Laval, F. (1996). Nitric oxide inhibit DNA ligase activity:potential mechanisms for NO-mediated DNA damage. Carcinogenesis. 17 : 2501-2505.
47.
Hamill, F, A., Apio, S., Mubiru, N, K., Bukenya, Z, R., Mosango, M., Maganyi, O, W., Soejarto ,D, D. (2003). Traditional herbal drugs of Southern Uganda, II: literature analysis and antimicrobial assays. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 84 : 57-78.
48.
Hanada, T., Yoshimura, A.( 2002). Regulation of cytokine signaling
49.
Hemant, P., Sameer, S., Balvant, S, K., Kusum, J., GC, Jain. (2009). Evaluation of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic potential of Tridax procumbens (Linn.). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 9 : 48.
50.
Ikewuchi, J., Ikewuchi, C .,Onwuka, F. (2010). Effect of Aqueous Extract of Tridax procumbens Linn on Plasma Electrolytes of Salt-Loaded Rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9 : 103-105.
51.
Ingeborg, B., Ana, C, B., Armando, C., Mynor, H., Luca, R.,Claus, 54
M, P., Wolfgang, Kubelk. (1998). Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 62 : 007–115.
52.
Jachak, S, M., Gautam, R., Selvam, C., Madhan, H, Srivastava, A., Khan, T. (2011). Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of standardized extracts of Tridax procumbens L. Fitoterapia. 82(
53.
Joshi, P, P., Patil, S, D., Silawat, N., Deshmukh, P, T. (2011).Effect of Tridax procumbens (Linn.) on bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Nat Prod Res.of print . Jun. 14 : 1-7.
54.
King, A, A, D, M., Riccardi, V, M., Gutmann, D,H.(2000) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet. 93: 388-92.
55.
Kliewer, S, A., Forman, B, M., Blumberg, B., Ong, E, S., Bormeyer, U., Mangelsdorf, D, J., Umesono, K., Evans, R, M. (1994). Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-acitvate receptors. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the Untited States of America. 91 : 7355-7359.
56.
Knowles, R, G., Moncada, S. (1994). Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem . J. 298 : 249-258.
57.
Lin, K, H, Lin, Y, W., Lee, H, F., Liu, W, L., Chen, S, T, Chang, K, S., Cheng, S,Y. (1995). Increased invasive activity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells is associated with an overexpression of thyroid hormone beta 1 nuclear receptor and low expression of the anti-metastatic nm23 gene. Cancer Lett . 1 : 89-95.
58.
Liu, T, Z., Hu, C, C., Chen, A, S., Cheng, J, T. (2000). Differentiation status modulates transcription factor NF- B activity in unstimulated human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Letters 151 : 49-56.
59.
Liu, Z., Shipley, J, M.,Vu, T, H., Zhou, X., Diaz, L ,A., Werb, Z., Senior, R, M. (1998). Gelatinase B-deficient mice are resistant to experimental bullous pemphigoid. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Med.188：475–482.
60.
Martín, Q, Z., del, R, G, M., Mut, M, M., Torres, T, L, W., Peraza, S,
55
S, R. (2010). The leishmanicidal effect of (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol, an oxylipin isolated from Tridax procumbens, is independent of NO production.Phytother Res. 24: 1004-1008.
61.
Martín, Q, Z., Moo, P, R., González, S, F., Chan, B, M, J., Torres, Tapia, L, W., Peraza, S, S, R. (2009). In vitro activity of Tridax procumbens against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 122: 463-7.
62.
Mohammed, A., Earla, R., Ramidi, R. (2001). A new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Tridax procumbens. Fitoterapia 72 : 313–315.
63.
Morales, C, G, S, M, P., Iglesias, I, V, A, M., Cáceres, A. (2001). Preliminary screening of five ethnomedicinal plants of Guatemala. Farmaco
64.
Naqash, S, Y., Nazeer, R, A. (2011). Anticoagulant, Antiherpetic and Antibacterial Activities of Sulphated Polysaccharide from Indian Medicinal Plant Tridax procumbens L.(Asteraceae). Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Jun. 14.
65.
Nathan, C., Xie, Q, W. (1994). Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 269 : 13725-13728.
66.
Nussler, A, K., Billiar, T, R. (1993). Inflammation, immunoregulation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Leuk. Biol. 54 : 171-178.
67.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Antioxidative activity of browning products of glucosamine fractionated by organic colvent and thin-layer chromatography. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi. 35 : 771-775.
68.
Perumal, S, R., Ignacimuthu, S, R, D,P. (1999). Preliminary screening of ethnomedicinal plants from India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 66: 235-40.
69.
Pollockm J.S, Forsternann,U,Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Schmidt H.H.H.W. Nakane M. and Murad F. 1991. Purification and characterization of particulate endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase from cultured and native bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:p10480-10484.
70.
Prasad, K., Kalar, J., Bharadwaj, L. (1993). Cardiac depressant effects of oxygen free radicals. J Vasc Dis 44 : 257-69.
71.
Rajkumar, S., Jebanesan, A. (2007).Repellent activity of selected
56
plant essential oils against the malarial fever mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Trop Biomed. 24 : 71-5.
72.
Raju, T, S., Davidson, E, A. (1994) .Structural features of water-soluble novel polysaccharide components from the leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn. Carbohydr Res.258 : 243-54
73.
Ravikumar, V., Shivashangari, K, S., Devaki, T. (2005). Effect of Tridax procumbens on liver antioxidant defense system during lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine sensitised rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 269: 131-6
74.
Ravikumar, V., Shivashangari, K, S., Devaki, T. (2005). Hepatoprotective activity of Tridax procumbens against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.101(1-3) : 55-60.
75.
Repesh, L, A. (1989). A new in vitro assay for quantitating tumor cell invasion. receptor coactivator complex. Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 93 : 11540–11545.
76.
Ricote, M., Huang, J, T., Welch, J, S., Glass, C, K. (1999). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a regulator of monocyte/macrophage. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66 : 733-739
77.
Salahdeen, H, M., Yenitan, O, K., Alada, R, A. (2004). Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens onblood pressure and heart rate in rats. Journal of Biomedical Research.7 : 27 - 29
78.
Sanjay, M, J., Raju, G, C, S., Himanshu, M., Amit, S, Taj Khan. (2010).Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of standardized extracts of Tridax procumbens L. Fitoterapia-FITOTE-208 : 35.
79.
Saumya, D, Sanjita, D., Manas, Kumar., Da, S., Priya, B. (2009). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of Calotropis gigantea and Tridax procumbens on Wistar albino rats. JPharm.1: 123-126
80.
Sautebin., L. (2000). Prostaglandins and nitric oxide as molecular target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Fitoterapia.71 : 48-57.
81.
Saxena, R, C., Dixit, O, P., Sukumaran , P. (1992). Laboratory assessment of indigenous plant extracts for anti-juvenile hormone activity in Culex quinquefasciatus. Indian J Med Res. 95 : 204-206.
82.
Scandalios, J, G. (1993).Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutase. Plant Physiol .101 : 07-12.
83.
Shardul, Wagh. (2010).Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of
84.
Sharma, B., Kumar, P. (2008). Extraction and Pharmacological
57
Evaluation of Some Extracts of Tridax procumbens and Capparis deciduas.International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products. 1: 05-12
85.
Sher, T, Y, F., McBride, O, W., Gonzalez, F,J. (1993). cDNA cloning, chromosomal mapping, and functional characterization of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor. Biochemistry. 32 : 5598-604.
86.
Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K., Nakamura, T. (1992). Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 40 : 945-948.
87.
Singh, A. K,. Raghubanshi, A. S,. Singh, J. S.(2002). Medical ethnobotany of the tribals of Sonaghati of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81 : 31-41.
88.
Singleton, V, L., Rossi, J, A, J, r. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 16 : 144-153.
89.
Sneha, M., Ruchi, S. (2010). Pharmacology of Tridax procumbens a Weed:Review.International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2 : 1391-1394
90.
Sporn, M, B., Robert, A, B., (1986). Peptide growth factors and inflammation, tissue repair, and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 78: 329-332.
91.
Taddei, A., Rosas, R, A, J.(2000). Bioactivity studies of extracts from Tridax procumbens. Phytomedicine. 7: 235-238.
92.
Taylor, R, S., Hudson, J, B., Manandhar, N, P., Towers, G, H. (1996). Antiviral activities of medicinal plants of southern Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 53 : 97-104.
93.
Tontonoz, P., Hu, E., Graves, R, A., Budavar, A, I., Spiegelman, B,M. (1994). mPP AR γ 2:tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev. 8 : 1224-1234.
94.
Tridax Procumbens Linn, against Paracetamol induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats. Advanced Studies in Biology. 2: 105 – 112
95.
Udupa, S, L., Udupa, A, L., Kulkarni, D, R. (1991). Influence of Tridax procumbens on lysyl oxidase activity and wound healing. Planta Med. 57: 325-7.
96.
Umesh, T., Bhawna, R., Paramjit, S., Dinesh, K, S., Suresh, P, Vyas. (2004).Immunomodulatory effects of aqueous extract of Tridax 58
procumbens in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 92 : 113–119.
97.
Upadhyay, B, P., Dhaker, A, K., Kumar, A. (2010). Ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmaco-statistical studies of Eastern Rajasthan, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 129: 64-86.
98.
Vilwanathan, R., Kanchi, S, S., Thiruvengadam, Devaki. (2005).Hepatoprotective activity of Tridax procumbens against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in rats .Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 101 : 55–60.
99.
Vilwanathan, R., Kanchi, S,S., Thivashangari, T, Devaki. (2005).Effect of Tridax procumbens on liver antioxidant defense system during lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine sensitised rats. Mol Cell Biochem. Jan.269(1-2) : 131-136.
100.
Xu, R,. Zhang, J., Yuan, K.(2010). Two new flavones from Tridax procumbens Linn. Molecules.15:6357-6364
101.
Yadava, R, N., Saurab, K. (1998) . new flavone glycoside: 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3'-dimethoxy flavones 5-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside from the leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn. J Asian Nat Prod Res.1 : 47-52.
102.
Zhelmy, M, Q., Rosa, M, p., Francisco, G., Manuel, J, h, B., Luis, W, T, Tapia., Sergio, R., Peraza, S. (2009). In vitro activity of Tridax procumbens against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Journal of Ehnopharmacology 122 : 463-467.