臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

農藥使用是保護植物主要措施以及農業生產重要的一環，台灣地處亞熱帶，又因温度、雨量及日照等氣候條件，農藥及環境用藥的使用相當普遍。而青春期學生正處於生長發育重要階段，體內代謝率和活動量較高，比起一般族群更容易受到環境化學物質影響，過去研究發現，人體暴露於環境化學物質會影響生長發育之情形，但有機磷農藥被歸類為環境荷爾蒙，其對第二性徵發育影響尚未得知。本研究即針對台灣青春期學生，了解有機磷農藥暴露與青春期學生第二性徵發育之相關性。
本研究對象來自台灣北、中、南、東部10~14歲293名青春期學生，進行問卷調查及尿液檢體收集，農藥暴露係測定尿液中六種有機磷農藥代謝物，分別為DMP、DEP、DMTP、DETP、DMDTP、DEDTP。尿液檢體經液-液萃取、衍生反應以及固相萃取淨化後，以氣相層析質譜儀進行分析。
學生第二性徵發育情形，男學生出現比例最高為：青春痘(57.3%)、其次為體毛發育(51.3%)；女學生部分：乳房發育(88.7%)、青春痘(75.2%)、出現月經(68.8%)、平均初經年齡11.5±1.0歲。此外，青春期學生尿液代謝物幾何平均濃度分別為DMP：7.53μg/g creatinine、DEP：7.98μg/g creatinine、DMTP：11.35μg/g creatinine、DMDTP：2.66μg/g creatinine、DETP：2.47μg/g creatinine、DEDTP：0.53μg/g creatinine，檢出率最低為DEDTP (20%)，最高為DMTP和DEP (93%)。複迴歸分析結果顯示，男女性、居住市區、超市蔬果購買、外食次數越多可能是影響有機磷農藥暴露之危險因子。
經迴歸分析發現，有機磷農藥對男學生長鬍鬚和女學生初經年齡是抑制因子，高暴露組男學生長鬍子比起低暴露組長鬍子OR值分別為DEP：0.315、DMTP：0.367、DETP：0.33、DEAP：0.302、DAP：0.383；暴露越多的DMTP、 DEDTP、DMAP，女學生初經年齡分別延遲0.44歲、0.66歲、0.64歲；有機磷農藥對女學生體毛發育是促進因子，高暴露組女學生體毛發育比起低暴露組體毛發育OR值分別為DMP：2.804、DEP：3.048、DMTP：4.708、DMAP：4.024、DAP：2.821。
本研究建立台灣地區青春期學生體內有機磷濃度資料，並發現學生有機磷農藥暴露相當普遍，其長期暴露與第二性徵發育影響值得繼續追蹤研究。

A large amount of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) is used
throughout Taiwan, and human may be exposed through dietary intake or residential use. Adolescent students are at a rapidly physical and sexual development period, they may be more susceptible to the
potentially adverse effects of pesticides than other age groups. Environmental chemicals may affect the growth and development in human, but the effects of OP upon adolescent are unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between OPs exposure and secondary sexual development of adolescent students.

Adolescent students (N=293) aged from 10 to 14 years were recruited from northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan. Urine samples were collected and a structured questionnaire was also filled out by the subject to collect the demographic data. Urinary metabolite of organophosphate pesticides were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analytes included dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP).

The highest occurrence of secondary sexual characteristic for boys was having pimples (57.3%), followed by pubic hair development (51.3%). The highest occurrence of secondary sexual characteristic for girls was breast development (88.7%), followed by having pimples (75.2%), and menarche (68.8%).The average age of menarche occurred at 11.5±1.0 years. We found that the detection rate of OP urinary metabolites for our subjects ranged from the lowest of 20% for DEDTP to the highest of 93% for DMTP and DEP . Regression analysis showed that risk factors of OP exposure included sex , urban , eating out frequency , fruits and vegetables purchase supermarkets.
Regression analysis showed a significantly association between OP exposure and facial hair development in boys, association between OP exposure and pubic hair development as well as menarche in girls. Since the common OPs exposure among Taiwanese, a large longitudinal study is warranted to examine the relationship between OP exposure and secondary sexual development for adolescent students .

目錄 I
表目錄 III
圖目錄 IV
摘要 V
Abstract VII
第一章 前言 1
第一節、 研究動機 1
第二節、 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第一節、 農藥使用現況 4
第二節、 有機磷農藥之結構與特性 5
第三節、 有機磷農藥的健康影響 6
第四節、 有機磷農藥代謝物濃度相關研究 7
第五節、 青春期介紹 8
第六節、 第二性徵發育情形 9
第七節、 影響第二性徵之環境因素 10
第八節、 有機磷農藥與內分泌系統之關聯性 11
第三章 材料與方法 13
第一節、 材料 13
一、 試藥 13
二、 器材 14
三、 儀器設備 15
第二節、 方法 16
一、 研究對象 16
二、 樣本前處理與分析 17
三、 尿液肌酸酐測定 20
四、 檢量線 20
五、 分析方法驗證 21
六、 統計分析 22
第四章 結果 24
第一節、 基本資料描述 24
第二節、 學生第二性徵發育情形 26
第三節、 學生尿液中有機磷農藥代謝物濃度 27
第四節、 影響尿液中有機磷農藥代謝物濃度之因素 28
第五節、 邏輯斯迴歸分析影響學生第二性徵發育因子 30
第六節、 實驗之驗證 34
第五章 討論 35
第一節、 青春期學生生長發育 35
第二節、 青春期學生第二性徵發育情形 35
第三節、 學生體內有機磷農藥代謝物分布情形 36
第四節、 影響學生體內代謝物濃度之因子 38
第五節、 有機磷農藥代謝物與第二性徵之相關性 39
第六節、 研究限制 40
第六章 結論 42
參考文獻 44
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