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研究生:高郁珊
研究生(外文):Yu-Shan Kao
論文名稱:數位匯流對WTO視聽服務部門承諾規範之衝擊與變革方向
論文名稱(外文):Digital Convergence''s Impact on WTO Regulations Related to Commitments in Audio-Visual Service: A Proposed Approach of Reformation
指導教授:羅昌發羅昌發引用關係
口試委員:林彩瑜彭心儀
口試日期:2011-07-19
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:法律學研究所
學門:法律學門
學類:一般法律學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2011
畢業學年度:99
語文別:中文
論文頁數:234
中文關鍵詞:數位匯流視聽服務特定承諾多元文化技術中立GATSWTO
外文關鍵詞:digital convergenceaudiovisual servicesspecific commitmentscultural diversitytechnical neutralityGATSWTO
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科技變遷帶動通訊技術革新後,新興傳輸技術使視聽服務提供模式更為多元、複雜、便捷,視聽服務部門成為承受數位匯流著力甚深的部門之一,對於面臨科技衝擊的視聽服務部門而言,究竟應如何適用WTO規範,並非毫無疑義。長久以來,視聽服務部門為文化與貿易價值衝突交鋒最前線,從而當數位匯流發展使各國視聽文化流動頻繁,使兩者更易產生齟齬,如何調和貿易與文化便成為新科技時代亟待解決之課題。

本文旨在研究數位匯流趨勢下,WTO承諾規範於視聽服務之適用。針對視聽服務部門承諾規範之範圍作一界定,以釐清數位匯流時代視聽服務應適用哪些規範?以及哪些視聽服務須受規範?接著,在相關規範的適用上,一方面正面肯認會員得因文化需求而採取相關管制措施,然另方面為防免濫用情形,應對允准之範圍設定明確要件與審查標準。

本文先就視聽服務之內涵加以介紹,並論及視聽服務與文化之密切連結,接著討論數位匯流此時代背景對於視聽服務之影響,並點出視聽服務部門所面臨之問題,以及吾人應採取之原則與立場。針對現行規範適用範圍上的疑點,試圖提出解決方案;再從現行法操作與GATS規則談判,分別探討如何適用視聽服務承諾規範,使追求多元文化保護之際,不致於犧牲視聽服務部門自由化利益。最後於WTO視聽服務部門如何迎向數位匯流衝擊,提出一己之見解。


Newly-developed telecommunication technology brings about plurality, complexity and convenience in providing audiovisual services, making audiovisual sector one of most heavily influenced sectors in WTO by digital convergence. Thus, how WTO regulations apply to this sector remains to be clarified. Moreover, digital convergence exemplifies the conflict between cultural values and trade interest. An immediate solution is indeed in need.

This thesis aims at seeking the solution by following steps. It begins with the definition of audiovisual services and its relation with culture. Then, it introduces the concept of digital convergence, explores its impact on audiovisual services, specifies the problems and indicates how to deal with those problems in principle. In order to clarify the scope of audiovisual commitments, it tries to answer “who” should be regulated, “what” regulations should be applied, and “how” they should be applied. Nevertheless, those regulations should ensure Members’ right to adopt measures for cultural protection while requires appropriate standards of review to prevent from abuse. Finally, a proposed approach of reformation is provided.


第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究範圍 2
第三節 研究限制 3
第四節 研究方法 5
第五節 研究架構 6
第二章 視聽服務與文化 7
第一節 視聽服務 7
第一項 視聽服務之意義 7
第二項 視聽服務之功能 8
第三項 視聽服務之分類 9
第一款 WTO對於視聽服務之分類 9
第二款 其他國際分類制度 13
第一目 聯合國中央產品分類標準 13
第二目 國際經濟活動標準產業分類 18
第三目 延伸國際收支服務分類 21
第二節 視聽服務與文化之關係 22
第一項 視聽服務屬文化產品 22
第二項 文化產品兼具文化與經濟雙重特性 23
第三項 服務貿易對視聽文化之影響 24
第三節 視聽服務發展現況 24
第一項 全球視聽產業現狀 25
第一款 整體趨勢 25
第二款 電影產業 27
第三款 電視產業 28
第四款 音樂產業 29
第二項 文化目的管制措施 30
第一款 本土自製比例限制 30
第二款 所有權限制 31
第三款 補貼與獎勵措施 32
第四款 其他措施 33
第三章 數位匯流與WTO視聽服務部門 36
第一節 數位匯流 36
第一項 數位科技 36
第二項 匯流現象 38
第二節 數位匯流對視聽服務部門之影響 40
第一項 對於服務內容之影響 40
第一款 媒介之間與內容之間的競合 40
第二款 媒介與內容之間日漸密切的交互關係 41
第三款 通訊與傳播概念之分野逐漸模糊 41
第四款 服務供應者與消費者之機會與權能改變 41
第二項 對於視聽服務產業之影響 42
第三項 對於網路終端設備之影響 45
第三節 WTO視聽服務部門承諾規範所面臨之衝擊 46
第一項 規範框架不明 46
第一款 新興服務項目 47
第二款 過時服務項目 49
第三款 重複服務項目 50
第二項 未考量文化需求以致承諾程度低 53
第一款 承諾程度分析 54
第二款 關於文化之規定與實踐 57
第三款 關於視聽文化之會員提案 59
第四節 匯流環境下文化保護目的之辯證 60
第一項 文化保護之真正意涵 60
第二項 文化保護之正當性 61
第三項 數位匯流對文化保護之作用 63
第四章 WTO視聽服務部門承諾範圍再建構 65
第一節 WTO對於視聽文化服務具有管轄權 65
第一項 視聽文化產品未被排除於WTO之外 65
第二項 WTO對視聽文化產品之管轄具優先性 68
第二節 視聽服務部門範圍之界定 72
第一項 關於GATS承諾表之規定 73
第一款 承諾表之制定與填寫 73
第一目 承諾依據 73
第二目 承諾方式 75
第三目 承諾程度 76
第二款 承諾表之修改與撤回 76
第二項 視聽服務部門之範圍 77
第一款 檢討部門範圍係屬可行且必要 77
第二款 以W/120與CPC作為調整之基礎 79
第一目 於W/120既有架構下更新CPC版本 79
第二目 維持W/120的事實上效力 81
第三款 以模範承諾表作為視聽服務談判之模版 81
第一目 承諾表標準化 81
第二目 模範承諾表 83
第四款 視聽服務部門模範承諾表之例示 84
第三項 視聽服務部門與其他部門之分界 86
第一款 水平管制模式 87
第二款 技術中立原則 90
第三款 負面表列模式 95
第三節 視聽服務承諾表之解釋 97
第一項 承諾表之解釋方法 98
第一款 承諾表具單方意思與雙邊屬性 98
第二款 承諾表應使用一般解釋法則 98
第二項 承諾表之解釋資料 102
第一款 填寫承諾表的參考文件 102
第二款 其他會員承諾表 104
第三項 承諾表解釋的時間要素 106
第一款 締約當時情況不具決定性 106
第二款 從新解釋原則 108
第一目 目的性擴張理論 111
第二目 技術中立原則 112
第四節 適用服務貿易模式之研究 112
第一項 關於服務貿易模式之規定 113
第二項 數位化對服務貿易模式之影響 114
第一款 跨境傳輸與其他模式分際未定 114
第二款 跨境傳輸以外模式空間萎縮 115
第三款 數位跨境傳輸定位不明 115
第三項 數位跨境傳輸之定性 116
第一款 數位跨境傳輸乃服務提供模式之一 116
第二款 數位跨境傳輸屬模式一 116
第四項 跨境傳輸與其他模式之分界 117
第一款 以「實體」移動為區分標準 117
第二款 其他模式仍有必要 119
第五節 與同類性判斷之連結 120
第一項 關於同類服務之規定 121
第二項 數位科技與同類性 121
第一款 服務貿易模式不影響同類性判斷 122
第二款 數位科技間接影響同類性判斷 123
第三項 文化與同類性 124
第五章 WTO視聽服務部門承諾規範再思考 128
第一節 關於視聽服務承諾之規定 128
第一項 一般性義務 129
第二項 特定承諾義務 130
第三項 例外規定 132
第四項 內建議題 133
第二節 關於視聽服務承諾之談判 134
第一項 WTO途徑下多邊談判進展 134
第一款 杜哈回合服務貿易總發展 134
第二款 杜哈回合視聽服務部門談判進展 140
第一目 GATS制訂後至2005年 140
第二目 2005年至今 141
第二項 WTO體制外雙邊談判成果 142
第三節 最惠國待遇之適用 144
第四節 國內規章之適用 145
第一項 關於國內規章之規定 145
第一款 GATS第VI條 145
第二款 國內規章準則草案 147
第二項 「相關」標準之建立 149
第三項 非必要限制措施之分析 150
第一款 外資比例限制 151
第二款 本國自製比例 153
第五節 公共道德例外之適用 159
第一項 關於公共道德例外之規定 160
第一款 檢驗方法 160
第二款 公共道德與公共秩序 161
第三款 必要性 162
第四款 前言 164
第二項 多元文化保護與公共道德 164
第三項 管制對象及其文化接近程度 168
第四項 管制手段必要性 169
第一款 價值權衡要素 169
第一目 科技因素 170
第二目 文化因素 171
第二款 價值權衡結果 171
第六節 視聽服務補貼規範之制訂 173
第一項 關於視聽服務補貼之規定與會員提案 173
第二項 與貨品補貼規範之關連性 175
第一款 視聽服務補貼之定義 176
第二款 視聽服務補貼之類型 177
第三款 視聽服務補貼之救濟 178
第三項 視聽服務補貼之合法性認定 179
第七節 其他提案之可能性 181
第一項 文化一般例外條款 181
第二項 緊急防衛機制 182
第三項 反傾銷措施 183
第四項 GATS-plus承諾 184
第八節 視聽服務附件之制訂 184
第一項 以特定部門別進行談判 185
第二項 以附件為立法形式 185
第六章 結論 188
參考文獻 193
附錄一 服務貿易總協定(實體條文部分) 208


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Graber, Christoph Beat., Audio-Visual Policy: The Stumbling Block of Trade Liberlisation?, in THE WTO AND GLOBAL CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND AUDIO-VISUAL SERVICES 165 (2004).
Graber, Christoph Beat., Substantive Rights and Obligations under the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity, NCCR Trade Regulation, Working Paper No. 2008/8 (2008).
Graber, Christoph Beat., The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?, 9 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 553 (2006).
Hahn, Michael, A Clash of Cultures? The UNESCO Diversity Convention and International Trade Law, 9(3) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 515 (2006).
Hahn, Michael, The Convention on Cultural Diversity and International Economic Law, 2(2) ASIAN JOURNAL OF WTO & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LAW AND POLICY 229 (2007).
Hamburg Institute of International Economics, WTO Rules in the Audio-Visual Sector (2003).
Jara, Alejandro & M. del Carmen Dominguez, Liberalization of Trade in Services and Trade Negotiations, 40(1) JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 113 (2006).
Kariyawasam, Rohan, The Classification of Electronic Intangibles in the WTO, in INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW AND THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: A NEW SILK ROAD? 118 (2007).
Krajewski, Markus, Playing by the Rules of the Game? Specific Commitments after US – Gambling and Betting and the Current GATS Negotiations, 32(4) LEGAL ISSUES OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 417 (2005).
Larouche, Pierre, Dealing with Convergence at the International Level, in THE WTO AND GLOBAL CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND AUDIO-VISUAL SERVICES 390 (2004).
Lin, Tsai-Yu, Exploring the Link Between Trade and Cultural Protection in the Context of Anti-dumping, 42(3) JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 563 (2008).
Lo, Chang-fa, The Cultural Components in FTAs as the WTO-Plus: Impairing or Helping Cultural Diversity?, 2007 International Conference on “Culture Diversity under International Trade Regime: Policy and Practices” 1-3 (2007).
Luff, David, International Regulation of Audio-Visual Services: Networks, Allocation of Scarce Resources and Terminal Equipment, in THE WTO AND GLOBAL CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND AUDIO-VISUAL SERVICES 243 (2004).
Mueller, Milton, Convergence: A Reality Check, in THE WTO AND GLOBAL CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND AUDIO-VISUAL SERVICES (2004).
Nihoul, P. L. G., Audio-Visual and Telecommunications Services: A Review of Definitions Under WTO Law, in THE WTO AND GLOBAL CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND AUDIO-VISUAL SERVICES 357 (2004).
Pauwelyn, Joost, Rien ne Va Plus? Distinguishing Domestic Regulation from Market Access in GATT and GATS, 4(2) WORLD TRADE REVIEW 131 (2005).
Peng, Shin-Yi, Liberalization of Trade in Television Services: The Negotiation Dilemma and Challenges for the Future, 43(4) JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 657 (2009).
Peng, Shin-Yi, Trade in Telecommunications Services: Doha and Beyond, 41(2) JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 293 (2007).
Pierola, Fernando, A Safeguards Regime for Services, in GATS AND THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES: WORLD TRADE FORUM 434 (2008).
Richardso, Martin, Commercial Broadcasting and Local Content - Cultural Quotas, Advertising and Public Stations, 116 ECONOMIC JOURNAL 605 (2006).
Roy, Martin, Audiovisual Services in the Doha Round: “Dialogue de Sourds, the Sequel”?, 6(6) JOURNAL OF WORLD INVESTMENT AND TRADE 923 (2005).
Roy, Martin, Beyond the Main Screen: Audiovisual Services in PTAs, in OPENING MARKETS FOR TRADE IN SERVICES: COUNTRIES AND SECTORS IN BILATERAL AND WTO NEGOTIATIONS 340 (2008).
Roy, Martin, Juan Marchetti & Aik Hoe Lim, The Race Towards Preferential Trade Agreements in Services: How Much Market Access is Really Achieved?, in GATS AND THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES: WORLD TRADE FORUM 77 (2008).
Sauve, Pierre & Karsten Steinfatt, Toward Multilateral Rules on Trade and Culture: Protective Regulation or Efficient Protection?, in TRADE RULES BEGIND BORDERS: ESSAYS ON SERVICES, INVESTMENT AND THE NEW TRADE AGENDA 193 (2003).
Schwellnus, Cyrille, The Effect of Domestic Regulation on Services Trade Revisited, CEPII Working Paper No. 2007-2008.
Shi, Jingxia & Weidong Chen, The ‘Specificity’ of Cultural Products versus the ‘Generality’ of Trade Obligations: Reflecting on ‘China – Publications and Audiovisual Products’, 45(1) JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 159 (2011).
Shoyer, Andrew W., Lessons Learned from Litigating GATS Disputes: Mexico – Telecoms, in GATS AND THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES: WORLD TRADE FORUM 225 (2008).
Stumberg, Robert, GATS Negotiations on Domestic Regulation, Discussion Paper for Harrison Institute for Public Law, Georgetown Law (2010).
Turk, Elisabeth, Services Post-Hong Kong – Initial Experiences with Plurilaterals, in GATS AND THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES: WORLD TRADE FORUM 145 (2008).
Van Damme, Isabelle, The Interpretation of Schedules of Commitments, 41(1) JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 1 (2007).
Voon, Tania, A New Approach to Audiovisual Products in the WTO: Rebalancing GATT and GATS, 14(1) UCLA ENTERTAINMENT LAW REVIEW 1 (2007).
Voon, Tania, China and Cultural Products at the WTO, 37(3) LEGAL ISSUES OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 253 (2010).
Voon, Tania, UNESCO and the WTO: A Clash of Cultures?, 55(3) INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW QUARTERLY 635 (2006)..
Weber, Rolf H., Cultural Diversity and International Trade — Taking Stock and Looking Ahead, in THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND TRADE IN SERVICES 824 (2008).
Wu, Tim, The World Trade Law of Censorship and Internet Filtering, 7 CHICAGO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 263 (2006)

(三)GATT/WTO相關資料

小組與上訴機構報告

Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (Dec. 3, 2007).
Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139, 142/AB/R (May 31, 2000).
Appellate Body Report, Canada –Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/AB/R (June 31, 1997).
Appellate Body Report, Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products, WT/DS207/AB/R (Sept. 23, 2002).
Appellate Body Report, China – Measures Affecting Trading Rights And Distribution Services For Certain Publications And Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2009).
Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WT/DS62, 67, 68/AB/R (June 5, 1998).
Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).
Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R (Sept. 25, 1997).
Appellate Body Report, Mexico – Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, WT/DS308/AB/R (Mar. 6, 2006)
Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R (Oct. 12, 1998).
Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R (Apr. 7, 2005).
GATT Panel Report, Panel on Japanese Measures on Imports of Leather, L/5623 – 31S/94 (May 15/16, 1984).
Panel Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R (June 12, 2007)
Panel Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139, 142/ R (Feb. 11, 2000).
Panel Report, Canada – Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/R (Mar. 14, 1997).
Panel Report, China – Measures Affecting Trading Rights And Distribution Services For Certain Publications And Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/R (Aug. 12, 2009).
Panel Report, European Communities – Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WT/DS62, 67, 68/R (Feb. 5, 1998).
Panel Report, Mexico – Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services, WT/DS204/R (Apr. 2, 2004).
Panel Report, United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R (Nov. 10, 2004)

GATT/WTO文件

Audiovisual and Related Services, Communication from the United States, S/CSS/W/21 (Dec. 18, 2000).
Audiovisual Services, Communication from Brazil, S/CSS/W/99 (July 9, 2001).
Audiovisual Services: Background Note by the Secretariat, S/C/W/310 (Jan. 12, 2010)
Audiovisual Services: Background Note by the Secretariat, S/C/W/40 (June. 15, 1998).
Audiovisual Services: Information Note by the Secretariat, JOB(05)/192 (Sept. 19, 2005).
Communication from Japan, Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, S/C/W/104 (Mar. 25, 1999).
Communication from Switzerland, GATS 2000: Financial Services, S/CSS/W/71 (May 4, 2001).
Communication from Switzerland, Guidelines for Mandated Service Negotiations S/CSS/W/16 (Dec. 5, 2000).
Communication from the European Communities, Classification in the Telecommunications Sector under the WTO-GATS Framework, TN/S/W/27, S/CSC/W/44 (Feb. 10, 2005).
Communication from the United States, Classification in the Telecommunications Sector under the WTO-GATS Framework, TN/S/W/35, S/CSC/W/45 (Feb. 22, 2005).
Communication from the United States, GATS Article XV (Subsidies): Questions for Members by the United States, S/WPGR/W/59 (May 28, 2010).
Communication from the US, Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, WT/COMTD/17 (Feb. 12, 1999).
Communication from United States: Audiovisual Services, S/C/W/78 (Dec. 8, 1998).
Decision on Disciplines Relating to The accountancy Sector, Adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 14 December 1998, S/L/63 (Dec. 15, 1998)
Developments in International Services Classification Systems and Implications for Negotiations under the General Agreement on Services in Trade, S/CSC/W/2 (Sept. 13, 1996).
Draft Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4: Second Revision (Mar. 20, 2009).
Elements Required for the Completion of the Services Negotiations, Report by the Chairman, Annex, TN/S/34 (July 28, 2008).
GATS 2000: Audio-Visual Services, Communication from Switzerland, S/CSS/W/74 (May 4, 2001)
Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Services, S/L/93 (Mar. 29, 2001).
Guidelines for Mutual Recognition Agreements or Arrangements in the Accountancy Sector, S/L/38, (May 27, 1997)
Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments under the GATS, S/L/92 (Mar. 28, 2001).
Incorporation of Commitments Resulting from Current Services Negotiations into Members’ GATS Schedules, S/CSC/W/33 (June 3, 2002).
Joint Statement on the Negotiations on Audiovisual Services, TN/S/W/49 (June 30, 2005).
Modalities for the Treatment of Autonomous Liberalization, TN/S/6 (Mar. 10, 2003).
Negotiations on Trade in Service, Report by the Chairman, Ambassador Fernando de Mateo, to the Trade Negotiations Committee for the purpose of the TNC stocktaking exercise, TN/S/35 (Mar. 22, 2010).
Negotiations on Trade in Services, Report by the Chairman, Ambassador Fernando de Mateo, to the Trade Negotiations Committee, TN/S/36 (Apr. 21, 2011).
Report by the Chairperson of the Working Party on GATS Rules, S/WPGR/21 (Apr. 14, 2011).
Revision of the Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitments – Note by the Secretariat, S/CSC/W/30 (Mar. 23, 2001).
Scheduling of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services: Explanatory Note, MTN.GNS/W/164 (Sept. 3, 1993).
Services Sectoral Classification List – Note by the Secretariat, MTN.GNS/W/120 (July 10, 1991).
Services Signalling Conference, Report by the Chairman of the TNC, JOB(08)/93 (July 30, 2008).
Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services, Report by the Chairman to the Trade Negotiations Committee, TN/S/20 (July 11, 2005).
Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services, Report by the Chairman to the Trade Negotiations Committee, TN/S/23 (Nov. 28, 2005).
Special Session: Telecommunications Services, JOB(05)/208 (Sept. 26, 2005).
Telecommunication Services: Background Note by the Secretariat, S/C/W/299 (June 10, 2009).
The United States of America: Schedule of Specific Commitments, GATS/SC/90 (Apr. 15, 1994).
The Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, S/C/W/68 (Nov. 16, 1998).
Trade Negotiations Committee Meeting at Ministerial Level, GATT Doc. MTN.TNC/7 (MIN) (Dec. 9, 1988).
Work Program on Electronic Commerce, Progress Report to the General Council, adopted by the Council for the Trade in Services on 19 July 1999, S/L/74 (July 27, 1999).
Work Programme on Electronic Commerce—Communication from Australia, S/C/W/108 (May 18, 1999).
Work Programme on Information Exchange on Subsidies pursuant to GATS Article, JOB/SERV/1.
Working Party on GATS Rules, Informal Note by the Chairman, Towards a Provisional Definition on Subsidies, JOB(09)/96 (Sept. 9, 2009).
Working Party on GATS Rules, Report of the Meeting Held on 24 November 2010, S/WPGR/M/71 (Feb. 11, 2011).
Working Programme on Electronic Commerce, Classification Issue: Submission from the European Communities, WT/GC/W/497 (May 9, 2003).
WTO, Application of the GATS to Individual Service Sectors.
WTO, International Trade Statistics (2011).

(四)GATT/WTO以外國際組織資料

European Communities (EC) / European Union (EU)

EC, Green Paper on the Convergence of the Telecommunications, Media and Information Technology Sectors, and the Implications for Regulation: Towards an Information Society Approach, COM(97)623 (Dec. 3, 1997).

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

ITU, ITU-T Focus Group on Internet Protocol Television (FG IPTV) (2006).
ITU, The World in 2010, ICT Fact and Figures.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

OECD, Information and Communications Technologies: OECD Communications Outlook 2009 (2009).
OECD, IPTV: Market Developments and Regulatory Treatment, DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2006)5/FINAL (2007).
OECD, Policy Considerations for Audio-visual Content Distribution in a Multiplatform Environment, DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2006)3/Final (Jan. 12, 2007).

United Nations (UN)

CPC Ver.2: Detailed Structure and Correspondences of CPC Ver.2 Subclasses to ISIC Rev.4 and HS 2007, CPC Ver.2: Explanatory Notes.
Institute for Statistics, UNESCO, International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994-2003 (2005).
UN, Central Product Classification Ver 1.0, STATISTIC PAPERS, Series M No. 77 (1998).
UN, Central Product Classification Ver 1.1, STATISTIC PAPERS, Series M No. 77 (2002).
UN, Central Product Classification Ver 2.0, STATISTIC PAPERS, Series M No. 77 (2008).
UN, Provisional Central Product Classification, STATISTIC PAPERS, Series M No. 77 (5th ed., 1991).

其他

Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/home-accueil.htm (last visited Aug. 20, 2011).
Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010 (MSITS 2010)
Recording Industry Association of Japan, The Recording Industry in Japan, Yearbook 2008, Tokyo, (2008).
South Centre, Dometic Regulation of Services Sectors: Analysis of the Draft Negotiation Text (Apr. 2011).


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