臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

（一）犬毛囊蟲相關性研究
摘要
2003年1月至2007年12月間，隨機取樣檢測1013隻流浪犬 (有主：187隻、無主：826隻) ，其毛囊蟲 (Demodex canis) 感染率為7.2% (73/1013)。以區域而言，內湖區最高為19.2% (14/73) (P<0.05)。季節上，以冬季最高為12.5％（32/255）；檢出率與月份、性別、年齡及品系間有顯著差異(P<0.05)。犬隻個體檢出部位以背部最高為52.1％(38/73) (P<0.05)。而本實驗中對已受毛囊蟲 (D. canis) 感染犬採用3M透明膠帶（310 3M Scotch®）黏貼檢測，仍以背部檢出率為最高。依檢測時間不同，可知犬隻個體的三個區域（眼、背、前肢）檢出率為PM:20-22 > AM:8-10。另外，對已受毛囊蟲 (D. canis) 感染犬隻體表作病原性黴菌（Fungi）之分離，Microsporum canis和Trichophyton mentagrophyte分別為4.4％（2/45）及2.2％（1/45）。在皮膚組織病理與細胞免疫方面，可見多數雪茄型蟲體存在，皮膚上皮層（Epithelium）呈不規則形狀增厚，毛囊腔呈現大小不一擴大，經由caspase3抗體免疫染色後，可於毛囊腔周圍發現細胞之caspase3呈活化態，造成細胞凋亡（apoptosis）。

（二）臺灣地區本土性動物（羊、豬、犬、鴿）弓蟲疾病調查與相關性研究
摘要
本研究自2001年至2006年間，以隨機取樣方式，並利用乳膠凝集反應法（Latex Agglutination Test）進行羊、豬、犬、鴿子等動物弓蟲(Toxoplasma gondii)抗體陽性率之檢測，另以卡方 (Chi-square test)來分析，其各種動物不同地區檢測茲分如下，羊：於2001年10月到2002年12月間，分別自臺北市轄內地區5戶所飼養之羊舍，共計採得105頭羊隻血液。結果發現羊隻弓蟲感染之血清陽性率為28.6%（30/105），依區域血清陽性率而言，以大安區為最高50.0﹪（15/30），內湖地區為最低13.3%（2/15）。至於各羊場陽性率則屬普遍存在。就各區域、羊舍及品種相互間的關係分析，結果顯示各區域與羊舍間均無顯著差異性(p>0.05)。豬：於2003年5月到2004年4月間，至北區(臺北縣樹林鎮; 桃園縣蘆竹鄉;新竹縣竹北市)某屠宰場採集血液，血清樣品395件。結果發現豬隻弓蟲感染之血清陽性率為10.1%（40/395），力價最高為256倍（2,5.0%），除1,3,10月外均有檢出（p<0.05）則屬普遍存在。而各季節相互間的關係分析，結果顯示季節間均無顯著差異性(p>0.05)。犬：於2005年10月到2006年9月間，針對臺北市地區（121。27’-121。40’E and 25。13’-24。08’N）採集犬隻（1 歲以上）血液檢體計有1412例（雄：768；雌：644）。其弓蟲感染陽性率為20.1％（284/1412）。弓蟲以西區最高22.7％（192/844），月份以二月35.3％（24/68）最高，其分布與人口密度、犬隻數量或河流橫跨區域（基隆河、淡水河、新店溪）並無顯著差異，與月份、降雨量、相對溼度則有顯著相關性（P<0.05），但集中區域有偏東區之趨勢。鴿子：於2004年1月到2004年12月間，自臺灣地區11縣市(20個地區)44戶所飼養之鴿舍，共計採得665隻鴿子(Columba livia domestica)血清樣品。結果發現臺灣地區鴿子弓蟲陽性率為4.7%(31/665)，力價檢出方面最高為256倍（3.2％；1/31），而在4區中以北區為最高6.0%（13/216），東部地區為最低1.8%（2/111），力價檢出方面1:32（30；96.8％）,1:256（1；3.2％）。另在性別陽性檢出率方面︰雄性為4. 4%（14/320）、雌性為4.9%（17/345）。至於鴿舍陽性率則為34.1%（15/44）。季節方面秋季為5.9%(19/322)較高，至於月份以三月7.4%較高。而飲水中檢出率為0.8％(1/132)，鴿舍檢出率為2.0％（1/44）。而各區域、季節及性別相互間的關係，結果顯示各區域與季節間均無顯著差異性(p>0.05)，至於性別則亦無顯著差異(p>0.05)。而區域與溫度、濕度、雨量有顯著差異性(p＜0.05)，季節與溫度、濕度、雨量有顯著差異性(p＜0.05)。在年齡方面1歲以下檢出為6.0％（5/83）、1歲以上檢出為4.5％（26/582）。

（1）The related of investigation and study in Demodex canis in dogs
Abstract
Infection rate, reaction to light, and hair follicle apoptosis are examined in the dogmite, Demodex canis Leydig (Prostigmata: Demodicidae), in dogs from the northern area of Taiwan. An analysis of relevant samples revealed 7.2% (73/1013) prevalence of D. canis infection. Infection during the investigation peaked each winter, with an average prevalence of 12.5% (32/255). The infection rates significantly varied in accordance with month, sex, age, and breed (p &lt; 0.05). Most of the lesions were discovered on the backs of the infected animals, where the infection rate was 52.1% (38/73) (P &lt; 0.05). The epidemiologic analysis of infection based on landscape area factor, found that employing a map-overlapping method showed a higher infection rate in the eastern distribution of Taiwan’s northern area than other areas. Isolation tests for Microsporum canis Bodin (Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae) and Trichophyton mentagrophyte Robin (Blanchard) on the D. canis infected dogs revealed prevalence rates of 4.4% (2/45) and 2.2% (1/45), respectively. Observations demonstrated that D. canis slowly moved from a light area to a dark area. Skin samples were examined for cellular apoptosis by activated caspase3 immunohistochemical staining. Cells that surrounded the infected hair follicles were activated caspase3-positive, revealing cell apoptosis in infected follicles via the activation of caspase3.
（2）The related of investigation and study in the Toxoplasmosis
Abstract
From 2001 to 2006, blood samples from goat, swine, Stray dog, pigeon (Columba livia) were randomly collected from different areas in Taiwan and examined Toxoplasma gondii. antibodies using the Latex Agglutination Test and Chi-square Test analyzed. Examines as follows: Goat: The goat''s blood from 5 farms in Taipei was investigated in order to comprehend the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii. From October 2001 through to December 2002, 105 blood samples were collected and examined using a Latex Agglutination Test. Results showed that the overall prevalence of goat toxoplasmosis was 28.6% (30/105) with the DaAn District having the highest prevalence at 50.0% (15/30) and the NeiHu District having the lowest prevalence at 13.3% (2/15). In general, the infection rate exists in goat farms. Furthermore, the Chi-square test revealed that significant differences existed among the breed (p&lt;0.05), with the regional distribution and goat farms (p>0.05). Swine:From May 2003 to April 2004, 395 swine blood samples were collected from slaughterhouses located in the north of Taiwan (Shulin city, Taipei County; Lujhu Township, Taoyuan County; Jhubei city, Hsinchu County) and examined Toxoplasma gondii. antibodies. Results indicated that the overall prevalence of pig toxoplasmosis was 10.1%（40/395）with LA the highest titers of 1:256（2,5.0%）. As for the seasonal variation, the infection did not occur in January, March, and October（p&lt;0.05）. The result indicated that there is no significant difference among seasons(p>0.05 ).Stray dog: From October, 2005, through September, 2006, 1412（768 male, 644 female）blood samples were periodically collected randomly from stray dogs（1 year and older）in Taipei City（121。27’-121。40’E and 25。13’-24。08’N）. Analysis of the samples revealed a 20.1%（284/1412）prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection. The West district had the highest infection rate（192/844, 22.7％）.The highest monthly positive rate was 35.3％（24/68）in February. The affected areas did not significantly differ in population density, number of stray dogs , river locations（Keelung river, Tamshui river, and Hsing-dian brook）, but season al rainfall and humidity（p&lt;0.05）. Highly infected areas were concentrated in eastern areas of Taipei city.pigeon : From January 2004 to December 2004, a total of 665 blood sera samples from pigeons were randomly collected from 44 pigeonry in 11 counties and cities (20 regions) in Taiwan. The result revealed that 4.7% (31/665) of pigeons were infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Among four regions the northern region was the highest at 6.0% (13/216) and the eastern region was the lowest at 1.8% (2/111). In the aspect of strength index it was 1:32 (30; 96.8%), 1:256 (1; 3.2%). In addition, in the aspect of positive infection rate in terms of sex was︰ In males, the infection rate was 4. 4% (14/320) and in females, the infection rate was 4.9% (17/345). The pigeonry positive infection rate was 34.1% (15/44). But in the drinking water the infection rate is 0.8% (1/132). Pigeonry infection rate is 2.0% (1/44). Except above, Chi-square test was also used to analyze various correlations among regions, climate, and sex. There was no difference between male and female pigeons (p>0.05). But the region in relation to temperature, humidity and rainfall did reveal a significant difference (p&lt;0.05). With respect to age, the infection rate were 6.0% (5/83) for 1 year and younger and 4.5% (26/582) for older than 1 year old.

口試委員會審定書……………………………………2
誌謝……………………………………………………………3
摘要…………………………………………………………4
一、中文摘要
（一）犬毛囊蟲相關性研究
（二）弓蟲疾病調查與相關性研究
二、英文摘要
圖目錄…………………………………………………………….10
表目錄………………………………………………………………11
壹、毛囊蟲…………………………………………………………12
一、前言
二、研究背景及目的
三、文獻回顧
（一）疾病對動物產生影響
1.動物個體間臨床症狀及病變
2.傳播及流行病學
貳、弓蟲……………………………………………………………14
一、前言
二、研究背景及目的
（一）宿主、環境與疾病之關聯性
（二）診斷方法選定
三、文獻回顧與評述
（一）疾病對動物產生影響
1.動物個體間臨床症狀及病變
（1）羊的病變及臨床症狀
（2）豬的病變及臨床症狀
（3）犬的病變及臨床症狀
（4）鴿子的病變及臨床症狀
2.傳播及流行病學
3.與人畜共通疾病關聯性
四、各動物間關連性
（一）感染關係
（二）哺乳類與禽類間差異性
參、研究內容……………………………………………………26
一、第一章：臺北都會區犬隻毛囊蟲(Demodex canis)盛行率、黴菌感染、對光反應及細胞凋亡研究………………………………26
（一）摘要
（二）前言
（三）材料與方法
（四）結果
（五）討論
（六）參考文獻
二、第二章：臺北市羊隻弓蟲症血清抗體盛行率之調查………43
（一）摘要
（二）前言
（三）材料與方法
（四）結果
（五）討論
（六）參考文獻
三、第三章：臺灣北部地區電宰場豬弓蟲症血清抗體盛行率之調查……47
（一）摘要
（二）前言
（三）材料與方法
（四）結果
（五）討論
（六）參考文獻
四、第四章：流浪犬弓蟲血清抗體盛行率之研究-臺北市………52
（一）摘要
（二）前言
（三）材料與方法
（四）結果
（五）討論
（六）參考文獻
五、第五章：鴿子(Columba livia)弓蟲血清抗體盛行率之調查-臺灣……58
（一）摘要
（二）前言
（三）材料與方法
（四）結果
（五）討論
（六）參考文獻
六、第六章：犬、貓及豬弓蟲檢體陽性率之調查與文獻探討………63
（一）摘要
（二）前言
（三）材料與方法
（四）結果
（五）討論
（六）參考文獻
肆、綜合討論………………………………………………69
一、預期之創見與貢獻
二、未來計畫目標與研究方向
伍、索引……………………………………………………………71
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………75
一、犬毛囊蟲相關性研究
二、弓蟲疾病調查與相關性研究
柒、附錄………………………………………………………82
一、發表期刊報告
二、自傳

一、犬毛囊蟲相關性研究
參考文獻
1.余森海、許隆祺，人體寄生蟲學彩色圖譜，中國科學技術出版社， P 296-297。1992。
2.吳永惠。牛病學。藝軒圖書出版社印行。p 371。1989。
3.吳建傳、曹碧、沈仲文。遵義市人體蠕形蟎感染調查及透明膠帶的選擇。中國人獸共患病雜誌。8(4)P50-51。1992。
4.李永基。家畜寄生蟲學。藝軒圖書出版社印行。P 352-355，1987。
5.李振東、賴家福。212例人體蠕形蟎的檢查分析。中國人獸共患病雜誌。8(6)P58-59。1992。
6.李朝品、段中傳、李准崗。人眼瞼緣蠕形蟎寄生及致病性的探討。中國人獸共患病雜誌。12(1)P46-48。1996。
7.沈一平。1991。寄生蟲與臨床，人民衛生出版社，北京，365。
8.夏兆飛、郝力力。2003。犬貓耳炎的病因。中國獸醫雜誌。39(6)。44-45。
9.馬濟宏。1992。疥寧霜等治療蠕形蟎性外耳道搔癢症的療效觀察。中國人獸共患病雜誌。8(6)P15-16。
10.張甘楠、尤金岳。家畜寄生蟲病診療學。藝軒圖書出版社印行。 p417-419，1983。
11.張甘楠。家畜寄生蟲病診斷學圖譜。現代畜殖雜誌社。文華出版社印行。P96-97。1980。
12.許惠珍、馮珍海、許國防、康全忠。龍海縣中小學生蠕形蟎感染初步調查。中國人獸共患病雜誌。8(4)P54。1992。
13.彭均。湖南醫學專科學校學報。1(3)P10。1991。
14.揚晨、慈延令、高義、王虎、武海燕。青海撒拉族、藏族蠕形蟎感染調查。8(1)P50-41。1992。
15.黃慧璧。臺北地區畜主與其家犬家貓皮膚外寄生蟲細菌黴菌菌種調查。臺北市動物衛生檢驗所委託計畫。P 24。1995。
16.楊清文、邱慧英、張文發。犬鱗狀上皮細胞癌與毛囊蟲感染病例報告。臺灣畜牧獸醫學會暨中華民國獸醫學會90年度聯合年會暨學術論文發表會。p 78。2001。
17.劉年猛、黃瓊瑤、江向東、彭飛、曾少華。長沙市人體蠕形蟎感染調查。10(1)P59-60。1994。
18.劉振軒、林永昌、林中天、楊清文。犬疾病診斷與防治。國立臺灣大學農學院獸醫學系、國立中興大學獸醫學院獸醫學系。p 106-111。2000。
19.蔡裕仁、鍾文政、吳應寧。應用地理資訊系統(GIS)平臺對臺北市犬隻毛囊蟲盛行率之研究。臺灣寄生蟲雜誌。15：47-58。2004。
20.蘇慶平、金傳玉、沈青雲、肖祖林、陳玉萍、林祥仁、鄭卒榮。順昌縣城區人體蠕形蟎感染初步調查。8(5)P58-59。1992。
21.Grosshans EM, Kremer M, Maleville .Demodex folliculorum and the histogenesis of granulomatous rosacea J.Hautarzt 1974 Apr;25(4):166-77.
22.M. Halit Umar, The Nether lands. Demodex, an inhabitant of human hair follicles, and a mite which we live with in harmony.Micscape Magazine. 2000.
23.Morsy TA, el Okbi MM, el-Said AM, Arafa MA, Sabry AH. Demodex (follicular mite) infesting a boy and his pet dog.J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1995 .Aug;25(2):509-12.
24. Mimioglu MM, Sahin I, Alp U. .1979. Demodectic mange in a dog in Beytepe University campus.Mikrobiyol Bul 13(4):401-5.
25.Nutting WB, Desch CE. Demodex canis: redescription and reevaluation.Cornell Vet 1978 Apr;68(2):139-49.
26.Wolf R, Ophir J, Avigad J, Lengy J, Krakowski A.The hair follicle mites (Demodex spp.). Could they be vectors of pathogenic microorganisms? Acta Derm Venereol 1988;68(6):535-7.

二、弓蟲疾病調查與相關性研究
(1)王志堯、陳清淵、陳純誠、章琪錚、康聰偉。1982。基礎組織學醫學書局。p369。
(2)王吉德等人。1984。臨床豬病學。中華民國獸醫學會主編。華香園出版社發行。P662-672。
(3)王俊秀等人。1992。獸醫學要覽。獸醫公共衛生學。中華民國獸醫學會編印。P60-61。
(4)吳義興等人。1992。獸醫學要覽。獸醫寄生蟲病。中華民國獸醫學會編印。P9,74-54,149-151。
(5)宋念潔、費昌勇。1998。臺北市立動物園弓蟲症血清盛行率調查。臺灣畜牧獸醫學會會報。24(supplement):7。
(6)宋念潔。1998。臺北市立動物園動物及員工弓蟲症抗體血清流行病學調查。國立臺灣大學獸醫學研究所碩士論文。
(7)李元民。1996。馬偕醫院門診孕婦之弓蟲抗體､抗原篩檢。國立陽明大學寄生蟲學研究所碩士論文。
(8)李永基。1987。家畜寄生蟲學，藝軒出版社印行，P 293-294，323-330。
(9)李崇道。1981獸醫病理學，黎明文化事業公司出版。P 7-21。
(10)沈永紹。1982。獸醫實驗診斷學提要，華香園出版社。p23。
(11)范秉真。1977。醫用寄生蟲學，國立陽明醫學院出版社p32。
(12)范家堃、蔡裕仁、鍾文政、吳應寧、趙磐華。1998。1997年夏季臺北市犬隻犬心絲蟲感染率之研究。中華民國寄生蟲雜誌。11:67-70。
(13)范家堃、蔡裕仁、鍾文政、張鑑熹、趙磐華。1998a。臺灣臺北市犬隻感染弓蟲之血清流行病學調查。高雄醫學科學雜誌14: 387-391。
(14)范家堃、蘇霩靄、鍾文政、蔡裕仁、邱弘毅、林慶豐、蘇千田、趙磐華。1998 b。宜蘭縣南澳鄉與南投縣仁愛鄉泰雅族原住民和當地動物弓蟲抗體血清流行病學研究。高雄醫學科學雜誌 14: 762-769。
(15)范家堃、蘇霩靄、鍾文政、蔡裕仁、張慧文、盧盡良、趙磐華。1998。臺灣東部原住民地區家犬感染弓蟲症之血清流行病學調查，中華獸醫雜誌。24(4):24-27。
(16)張甘楠、蔡信雄、郭謨、J.P.Dubey。1990。臺灣地區豬弓蟲症之血清學調查研究，中華獸醫雜誌。16(2);34-38。
(17)張甘楠。1980。家畜寄生蟲病診斷學圖譜。現代畜殖雜誌社編印。文華出版社發行。p56-59。
(18)莫康銘。1995。臺北市流浪犬貓內寄生蟲相及犬貓與人弓蟲病之關係研究。碩士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學獸醫學研究所。
(19)郭謨。1984。球蟲症與弓蟲症。出自”臨床豬病學”。臺北：華香園出版社發行。中華民國獸醫學會主編。pp. 667-672。
(20)楊守紳等人。1983。家畜家禽衛生。豐年社編印。修訂七版，P 257-259。
(21)粱志慧。1995。弓形蟲速殖子侵入宿主細胞機理的研究進展。中國人獸共患病雜誌11(5):63-65。
(22)廖建維。1999。臺灣東部山地原住民（排灣族、布農族和阿美族）弓蟲抗體陽性率與年齡層和性別關係之探討。臺北醫學院醫學研究所碩士論文。
(23)潘銘正、蔡向榮。1983。簡明家畜傳染病。藝軒圖書出版社印行。(supplement 2nd) ：139-140。
(24)蔡向榮、許振祺。1998鴿病學。P119-122。
(25)蔡裕仁、范家堃、鍾文政、趙磐華。1997。臺灣中北部貓隻感染弓蟲病之血清流行病學調查。中華寄誌10: 11-16。
(26)蔡裕仁、嚴一峰、林澄洲，臺北市犬隻弓蟲病血清學調查，臺北市家畜衛生檢驗所研究報告，4：1-3 ：1993-1994。
(27)蔡裕仁。1997。弓蟲病，犬貓疾病防疫手冊。P36-38。
(28)嚴一峰、蔡裕仁、黃振南。臺北地區犬弓蟲症血清學之調查研究----乳膠凝集試驗法與酵素結合免疫吸附法之比較，臺北市家畜衛生檢驗所研究報告。4：7-14：1993-1994。
(29)蘇耀期。1998。臺灣中南部犬貓人畜共通蠕蟲與原蟲之流行病研究。中華民國寄生蟲學會雜誌。12(1,2):17-21。
(30)Antonis A.F. van Knapen F. Dercksen D.P. Jager PM. 1998. Toxoplasmosis in goats in the Netherlands: a pilot study.Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde. 123(19) :561-5.
(31)Arnall, I., and F. Keymer. 1975. Bird Disease.T.F.H. Publications ,Inc. USA, 151-152.
(32)Averill D.R, Delahunta A. 1971. Toxoplasmosis of the canine nervous system：Clinic pathologic findings in four cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:1134-1141.
(33)Baszler T.V., J.P. Dubey, C.V. Lohr, W.J. Foreyt, 2000. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in a free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep from Washington. J Wild Dis .36(4):752-4.
(34)Beyer TV and Shevkunova EA. 1986. A review of toxoplasmosis of animals in the U.S.S.R. Veterinary Parasitology. 19 : 225-243.
(35)Biancifiori F,C. Rondini, V Grelloni and Frescura T. 1986. Avian toxoplasmosis: experimental infection of chicken and pigeon. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis.9:337-46.
(36)Buxton D, Maley SW, Pastoret PP, Brochier B and Innes EA. 1997. Examination of red foxes ( Vulpes Vulpes ) from Belgium for antibody to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii. Veterinary Record. 141:308-309.
(37)Caballero-Servin, A. 1974. Congenital malformations in Gallus gallus induced by Toxoplasma gondii. Rev Invest Salud Publica(Mexico) 34:87-94.
(38)Calnek B.W., John Barnes H, Beard C.W., Reid W.M. and Yoder, Jr H.W. 1991. Diseases of Poultry.9th ed:821-826.
(39)Camargo ME, Ferreira AW, Mineo JR, Tadiguti CK and Nakahara OS. 1978. Immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and defined toxoplasmosis serological patterns. Infect Immun. 21:55-58.
(40)Chnabra MB, Gupta SL and Gautam. 1985. Toxoplasma seroprevalence in animals in northern India. Int. J. Zoon. 12:136-142.
(41)Chumpitazi BFF, Boussaid A, Pelloux H, Racinet C, Bost M and Goullier-Fleuret A. 1995. Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis by immunoblotting and relationship with other methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1479-1485.
(42)Chung W.C., Lien G.S., Pan S., Lu J.L., Chen S.H., Lin Y.S.. 1994. The first case of human babesiosis in Taiwan：Preliminary report, Programme and abstracts of the third Asian-Pacific Congress for parasitic zoonosis.
(43)Corbet, G. B. and J. E. Hill. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford Univ. Press,Oxford, pp488.

(44)Cremer H.J., van Knapen F, S.O. Panggabean, J.M. den Hartog. 1991. Problems in the demonstration of Toxoplasma gondii in muscle tissue of sheep,Tijdschr Diergeneeskd . 116(1):3-6.
(45)David C. and Tuder. 1991. Pigeon health and disease, Iowa State University press, Ames, Iowa, USA, 183-187.
(46)Decoster A., Slizewicz B. and Simon J. 1991. Platelia-Toxo IgA, a new kit for early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis by detection of anti-P30 immunolglobulin A antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 29:2291-2295.
(47)Desmonts G., and Remington J.S. 1980. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection：method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11:562-568.
(48)Dubey J.P., Beattie C. P., 1988. Toxoplasmosis of animals and man. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, Florida, 3rd ed. p.127-141.
(49)Dubey J.P.,Speer C.A., Shen S. K., Kwok O. C., Blixt J. A., 1997. Oocystinduced murine toxoplasmosis：Life cycle, pathogenicity, and stage conversion in mice fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Journal of Parasitology. 83:870-882.
(50)Dubey J.P., Huong L.T., Sundar N., Su C. 2007. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in dogs from Vietnam suggests their South American origin.Vet Parasitol.146(3-4):347-51.
(51)Dubey JP and Sharma SP. 1980. Prolonged excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in semen of goats. Am J Vet Res. 41 ( 5 ):794-795.
(52)Dubey JP, Camargo Me, Ruff Md, Wilkin GC, Shen SK, Kwok OCH and Thullie P. 1993. Experimental toxoplasmosis in turkeys. J Parasitol. 79(6):949-952.
(53)Dubey JP. 1976. Reshedding of Toxoplasma oocysts by chronically infected cats. Nature. 262：213-214.
(54)Dubey JP. 1995. Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats. J Parasitol. 8:410-415.
(55)Dubey JP. 1998. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. J Parasitol. 84(4):862-865.
(56)Dupouy-Camet J., Souza S.L., Maslo C., Paugam A., Saimot A.G., Benarous R., Tourte-Schaeffr and Derouin F. 1993. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in venous blood from AIDS patients by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol., 31:1866-1869.
(57)Esteban-Redondo I, S.W. Maley, K. Thomson, S. Nicoll, S. Wright, D. Buxton, E.A. Innes. 1999. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of sheep and cattle following oral infection.Vet Parasitol.86(3):155-71.
(58)Esteban-Redondo I., E.A. Innes. 1998. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of sheep orally challenged with different doses of oocysts. International Journal for Parasitology. 28(9):1459-66.
(59)Fan C. K., Su K.E., Chung W.C., Tsai Y. J., Chang M. H., Lu J. L., Chao P. H., 1998. A parasitological survey among stray dogs in Taipei City with hematological findings. Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science. 24(4):288-294.
(60)Ferguson and Pittilo. 1999. Toxoplasma gondii and The professor，Parasitology Today.15(8):311-312.
(61)Fleck D.G. 1989. Annotation:diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Pathol., 42:191-193.
(62)Franti C.E., Riemann H.P., Behymer D.E., Suther D., Howarth J.A. and Ruppanner R. 1976. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and domestic animals in northern California. JAVMA. 169 ( 9 ):901-906.
(63)Fratta, I.D. and C.H. Slanetz. 1958. The treatment of oxyurid mice with piperazine citrate, stylomycin,caricide,phthalofycne and gibberellic acid. Pro. Anim. Care Panel. 8:141-146.
(64)Frenkel J.K. and Dubey J.P. 1972. Toxoplasmosis and its prevention in cats and man. J Infect Dis. 126:664-673.
(65)Frenkel J.K. 1975. Toxoplasmosis in cats and man. Feline Prac. 5:28-41.
(66)Fulton J.D. and Turk J.L. 1959. Direct agglutination test for Toxoplasma gondii. Lacent. 2:1068-1609.
(67)Gamble H.R. Brady R.C. Dubey J.P. 1999. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigs in the New England states,Veterinary Parasitology. 82(2):129-36.
(68)Garnham, P. C., J. R. Baker, and R. G. Bird. 1962. Fine structure of cystic form of Toxoplasma gondii Brit. Med. J. 1:83-84.
(69)Georgi JR. 1990. Parasitology for veterinarians. P92-94.
(70)Grimwood J, JF Smith,1996. Toxoplasma gondii:the role of parasite surface and secreted proteins in host cell invasion［J］.Int J parasitol, 26（2）:169-73.
(71)Hagiwara T. 1977. Toxoplasmosis of animals in Japan. Int. J. Zoon., 4:56-70.
(72)Hashemi-Fesharki R. 1996. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle, sheep and goats in Iran. Veterinary Parasitology. 61(1-2):1-3.
(73)Hejlicek K. Literak I. Nezval J. 1997. Toxoplasmosis in wild mammals from the Czech Republic. Journal of Wildlife Diseases.33(3):480-5.
(74)Herbrink P, Loon AM, Rotman JP, Kanpen F and Dijk WC. 1987. Interlaboratory evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunoblotting for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. J. Clin. Microbiol., 25:100-105.
(75)Ho-Yen D.O., Joss A.W., Balfour A.H., Smyth E.T.H., Baird D. and Chatterton J.M.W. 1992. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Toxoplasma gondii in human blood samples. J. Clin.Pathol., 45:910-913.
(76)Iannuzzi, L., and G. Renieri. 1971. The egg in the epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis. Tests of expermimental infections by injection through the shell. Acta Med. Vet., 17:311-317.
(77)Ise Y., Iida T., Sato K., Szuki T., Shimada K. and Nishioka K.1998. Detection of circulating antigens in sera of rabbits infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Infect. Immun., 48:269-272.
(78)Jacobs, L., and M.L. Melton. 1966. Toxoplasmosis in chickens. J. Parasitol., 52：1158-1162.
(79)Kapperud G. Jenum P.A. Stray-Pedersen B. Melby K.K. Eskild A. Eng J. 1996. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy,American Journal of Epidemiology. 144(4):405-12.
(80)Karlan MS and Baker DC. 1972. Cervical adenopathy secondary to toxoplasmosis. Laryngoscope. 82:956-964.
(81)Kennedy P.C. and Miller R.B. 1993. The female genital system. Pathol. Domes. Ani., 421-423.
(82)King J.M., Hsu F.S., Hong C.B. and Lee R.C. 1976. An atlas of central pathology with special reference to swine disease. Counc. for Agri. Plan. Devel., P343,437,438,557.
(83)Kinjo, T. 1972. Experimental toxoplasmosis in fowls. III. Reactions of chicks at 30-40 days old and one day old. IV. Susceptibility of chick embryos. Sci. Bull. Coll. Agric. (Okinawa),19:407-420.
(84)Kovaleva E.P., Lavochkin V.M. 1973. Infection with Toxoplasma by the bite of an animal(Dog)[In Russian]. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii Immunobiologii, 2:116-120.
(85)Kuhn D, Oppermann W.H., Rodel H., Centurier H. 1972. Experimentelle Infektion von Hunden mit Toxoplasma-zysten. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 85:309.
(86)Kuo M. 1984. Clinical swine disease:Toxoplasmosis & coccidiosis. Hua Shiang Yuan Publishing Co., Ltd., Taipei. pp.667-672.

(87)Lainson R, Naiff RD.1998. Haemoproteus(Apicomplexa:Haemoproteidae) of tortoises and turtles,Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.,265(1400):941-9.
(88)Lappin MR, Green Ce, Prestwood AK, Dawe DL and Tarleton RL. 1989. Diagnosis of recent Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M. Am. J. Vet. Res., 50:1580-1585.
(89)Lasky T and Stolley PD. 1994. Selection of cases and controls. Epidemiol, Rev. 16:6-17.
(90)Leman Ad, Straw Be, Mengeling W.L., Allaire S.D. and Taylor D.J. 1992. Dis Swine. P665.
(91)Liang Z.H. 1995. Advance of research on Toxoplasma tachyzoite invade host cellmechanism.Chinese tournal of zoonoses.11（5）:34-36.
(92)Lin DS, Lai SS and Dowman DD. 1990. Feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and intestinal parasitic infection in Taiwanese cats. Br. Vet. J., 146:468-475.
(93)MacPherson J.M. and Gaiadhar A.A. 1993. Sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction detection of Toxoplasma gondii for veterinary and medical diagnosis. Can J Vet. Res., 57:45-48.
(94)Matsuo K. Husin D. 1996. A survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in goats and cattle in Lampung province, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health. 27(3):554-5.
(95)Matteelli A. Donato F. Shein A. Muchi J.A. Abass A.K. Mariani M. Leopardi O. Maxwell CA. Carosi G. 1996. Malarial infection and birthweight in urban Zanzibar, Tanzania.，Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 90(2):125-34.
(96)Miller, N.L., J.K. Frenkel, and J.P. Dubey. 1972. Oral infections with Toxoplasma cysts and oocysts in felines, other mammals, and in brids. J. Parasitol., 58:928-937.
(97)Muhammad Abdus Samad，Badal Chandra Dey，Nasher Shama Chowdhury，Sayeba Akhtar，A.K.M. Mozibur Rahman Khan. 1997. Sero-epidemiological studies on Toxoplasma gondii infection in man and animals In Bangladesh，Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine And Public Health.28(2).
(98)Naot Y., Guptill D.R. and Remington J.S. 1982. Duration of IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii after acute acquired toxoplasmosis. J. Infect. Dis., 145:770.
(99)Nieto SO. Melendez RD. 1998. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats from arid zones of Venezuela. Journal of Parasitology. 84(1):190-1.
(100)Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker''s mammals of the world, 5th ed. John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, 1:1-642, 2:643-1629.
(101)Oshima S., Tsubota N., Hiraoka K., 1981. Latex agglutination microtiter test for diagnosis of toxoplasma infection in animals. Zbl Bakt Hyg 1Ab Orig A 250,（3）:376-382.
(102)Pan J.C., Chan H.C., Chen E.R., 1963. Toxoplasmosis in domestic animals: canine toxoplasmosis associated with distemper. Bull Inst Zool Academic Sinica 2:19-29.
(103)Pan, I.C., Young S.S., Wang C.T., Yeh Y.C., Pan I.C., and Chen H.C.. 1962. Toxoplasmosis in domestic animals：Abortion and stillbirth in asymptomatic carrier gilts. Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sin., 1:89-100.
(104)Partanen P., Turunen H.J. and Passivuo RA., 1984. Immunoblot analysis of Toxoplasma gondii antigens by human immunoglobulins G, M, and antibodies at different stages of infection. J Clin microbiol. 20:133-135.
(105)Remington Js, McLeod R. and Desmonts G. 1994. Toxoplasmosis. Philadelphia:WB. p211-216.


(106)Riemann H.P., Behymer D.E., Schulz T., Orthoefer J.G., Silverman S. and Franti C.E. 1974. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in captive exotic mammals. JAVMA. 165 ( 9 ):798-800.
(107)Robert G. Sherding. 1994. The Diseases and Clinical Management, 2nd ed.,P565-584.
(108)Sabin AB and Feldman HA. 1948. Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting protozoon parasite(Toxoplasma). Science. 108:550-663.
(109)Savva D., Morris J.C., Johnson J.D. and Holliman R.E. 1990. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Toxoplasma gondii J Med Microbiol. 32:25-31.
(110)Slosarkova S. Literak I. Skrivanek M. Svobodova V. Suchy P. Herzig I. 1999. Toxoplasmosis and iodine deficiency in Angora goats, Veterinary Parasitology. 81(2):89-97.
(111)Wallace, G.D., 1973. Intermediate and transport hosts in the natural history of Toxoplasma gondii. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 22:456-464.
(112)Watson A.D.J., Farrow B.R.H. and McDonald P.J. 1982. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pet dogs and cats. Aust. Vet. J., 58:213-214.
(113)Weiss J.B. 1995. DNA probe and PCR for diagnosis of parasitic infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 8:113-130.
(114)Weiss Lm, Udem S.A, Salgo M., Tanowitz H.B. and Wittner M. 1991. Sensitive and specific detection of Toxoplasma DNA in an experimental murine model: use of Toxoplasma gondii specific cDNA and the polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis., 163:180-186.
(115)Wilson M., Ware D.A. and Juranek D.D. 1990. Serologic aspects of toxoplasmosis. JAVMA. 196:277-281.
(116)Woldemichael T., Fontanet A.L., Sahlu T., Gilis H., Messele T., de Wit T.F., Yeneneh H., Coutinho R.A. and Van Gool T. 1998. Evaluation of Eiken latex agglutination test for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection among factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92(4):401-403.
(117)Wu S.T., long S.T., Zhang C.H., Si H.L., S., and Huang D.N.. 2004. Construction of pVAX1-SAG2 plasmid Encoding the SAG2 protein of Toxoplasma gondii and the immnune responses induced in mice.Chinese Journal of Zoonoses.20(8):658-661.
(118)Wu Y.T., Kuo M., and Hsieh K.C. 1963. Studies on Toxoplasma in Taiwan. I. Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from supposed-to-be healthy swine on the market in Kaohsiung city. J. Formosan Med. Assoc., 62:446-456.