臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於科技發達及資訊普及，伴隨交通運輸的便利，使毒品交易成為全球性的毒品市場，而毒品問題也成為一項全球性的危機。國內近年來毒品犯罪率居高不下，盛行率也有攀升趨勢，使用年齡層亦趨年輕化，甚至與毒品有關的共病率增加如因注射毒品罹患愛滋病、死亡或傷害率提高如和毒品有關發生的交通意外、暴力行為、謀殺行為等犯罪，顯示毒品問題的嚴重性。是以，如何有效嚇阻毒品市場的擴散，是刻不容緩的當務之急，如何增加毒品取得的困難度及防治毒品的流通，應在緝毒層面上對於毒品問題有所掌握，故擬藉由對於毒品市場的了解和分析，期得到更全面完整的資訊。

為對於毒品市場犯罪模式之探索，本研究擬採用現象學質性研究方法，以深度訪談方式選擇豐富個案為資料蒐集來源，一共十二位曾經參與毒品交易的毒品犯陳述其交易經驗，以毒品市場之供給與需求面向為核心，探討關於毒品價格、原料、工廠、製造方法、運輸方式、路線、盤商取得管道、貨源，以及關於族群特性、地區分佈、種類變化、使用形態以及犯罪問題，以期能建構以毒品市場為核心之毒品犯犯罪模式之分析。另外，並以焦點團體座談會，邀請警政、海巡、司法實務界以及專家學者就毒品消費市場概況、消費趨勢、價格走向、毒品種類及其來源、運輸管道、運輸方式、製造工廠概況、販毒與其他犯罪間之關聯性、毒品交易型態與毒品查緝作為間之變化與互動情形、新興毒品的種類及濫用情形，以及對於毒品市場過去、現在以及未來趨勢預測主題提供經驗分享，以期提高研究信度。

針對毒品犯之質性訪談研究結果發現，聯絡管道多以電話為主、交易場所多根據風險最低原則選擇居多、毒品來源多來自走私進口、交易時間多為全天候時間的挹注、交易金額則視雙方交情以及當時查緝嚴厲度為主、使用狀況因為地區以及毒品種類有所差異、毒品種類以海洛因以及安非他命為主、交易方法為現金交易居多而以物易物其次、交易經驗多分享躲避毒品查緝手法、金錢來源多純為毒品犯罪所得、犯罪關聯相關不顯著、持槍情形為求自我保護普遍、參與幫派部分鮮少、獲利情形明顯、毒品製作過程，以及對於司法有所感觸等。

另外，針對由實務專家學者參與之焦點團體座談會，結果發現，毒品消費市場概況及價格走向方面，第一級毒品為近年來國內市場的主流，且有漸增之趨勢，顯示針對「減害計畫」之目標正確，第四級毒品先驅原料列入管制，有助於毒品原料之控管，而毒品價格隨著市場供需法則變動；毒品種類及其來源方面，海洛因以走私進口為主，合成毒品以走私及本土自製為主，並走向國際化合作網路；運輸以海運和空運為交通媒介；製造工廠部份，本土已具備自製毒品能力並走向企業國際化；販毒與其他犯罪間之關聯性顯示七成犯罪脫離不了毒品、槍毒合流，吸毒後販毒儼然成為吸毒犯之不歸路，搶奪、強盜、竊盜等財產性犯罪易成為吸毒犯金錢來源之最快途徑；毒品交易型態會影響毒品查緝作為；新興毒品的種類及濫用情形方面，由於新興毒品價格低廉且生產成本低獲利高，易於運輸販賣，吸食者沒有罪責，導致國內新興毒品之使用日趨氾濫；另外，對於毒品市場過去、現在以及未來趨勢預測，顯示毒品犯罪問題控制不易，甲基安非他命及新興毒品國內自製嚴重、毒品來源愈趨複雜多元化、新興化學合成類毒品的興起以及消費市場的多元複雜化、大麻需求日增、跨國製造安毒轉向東南亞，並且金門開放小三通後，易成為兩岸毒品之轉運站。

經由本研究，提出有掌握毒品來源查緝管道、加強監聽設備及兼顧隱私權保障、設法減低毒品經濟價值、建構毒品犯罪者財產沒收機制、消除製造毒品的技術學習、加重毒品犯罪與相關重大犯罪的刑責、提升毒品查緝的效益、促使「量刑參考準據」的實行以及突破網路查緝的困境，一共十項建議。

With technology development and information popularization, transportation is getting more and more convenient, which makes drug dealing become a global-level drug market. Therefore, drug problem is also becoming a global crisis. Recent years have seen continuing high criminal rate related with drugs in this country; its popular rate is also on upward trend; the ages of drug users are also becoming younger and younger. Further more, co morbidity rate related with drugs is increasing, such as the rate of AIDS, death and injury caused by the injection of drugs, as well as traffic accidents, violence and murders related with drugs, which show how serious the drug problem is. There fore, how to prevent the extension of drug market effectively are the first things first. In order to increase the difficulty of acquiring drugs and prevent the circulation of drugs, we should know more on the level of seizing drugs. So, this study expects to get more complete information through understanding and analyzing drug market.

To explore the crime mode of drug market, the study adopted the method of phenomenology and property research, while data was collected in the way of depth interview and choosing a lot of cases. All together, there are 12 drug dealers presented their experience of drug dealing. The study takes the supply and demand of drugs as the core of research, discussing drug pricing, raw materials, manufactures, manufacturing methods, transportation styles, routes, the access channels of drug retailers, sourcing, traits of groups and races, area distribution, changes of variety, usage styles and criminal problem, so as to set up the analysis of drug crime patterns with drug market as the core. In addition, focus group discussions were held. Experts and officials from the circles of police, marine patrol, justice and administration were invited to introduce the general situation of drug consumer market, consumption tendency, pricing trend, drug varieties and resources, transportation channels and methods, manufacturers, relationship between drug dealing with other kinds of crimes, the change of drug dealing styles and the seizing of drugs, the interaction between them, the kinds of emerging drugs, and the situation of drug abuse. During the discussions, their experience on the past and present drug market and its future tendency were shared, which increases the reliability of the study.

Through the interviews for finding the characteristics of drug crimes, the research got the following results: telephone is mainly used for connection; the lowest risk principle is mainly chosen for dealing places; drug resources are most from smuggling import; dealing time is around the clock; dealing amount depends the relationship between two parts and the severe level of seizing drugs at that time; due to different areas and the kinds of drugs, usage status are also different, the main kinds of drugs are heroin and amphetamine; for dealing methods, cash transaction ranks first, barter trade second; main dealing experience is sharing their methods of avoiding been seized; money resource mainly comes from the income of drug dealing; relationship with other kinds of crimes is not obvious; carrying guns to protect themselves is popular; few of them join gangs; profit is high; the feelings about drug manufacturing process and jurisdiction and etc.

In addition, through the focus group discussions, the conclusions were drawn as the followings: on the respect of drug consumer market and pricing tendency, the first-degree drugs are the main trend of domestic market in recent years, and it has the trend of increasing gradually, which shows that the goal of ‘ Harmfulness Deduction Plan’ is correct; list the raw materials of the forth-degree under control, which is useful for the raw materials control o f drugs; the pricing of drugs changes with the law of supply and demand; on the respect of the kinds and resources o f drug, heroin is mainly from smuggling import, while synthetic drugs are mainly from smuggling and local manufacture, and both of them are on the way of international cooperation; transportation methods are mainly by air or sea; for the part of manufacturing works, local ones have already been able to manufacture drugs and developing towards international enterprises; the relationship between drug dealing and other kinds of crimes show that 70 percent crimes are related with drugs, and the combination of guns with drugs; first take drugs then sell drags, which has become a one-way journey for drug addicts; property crimes like rape, robbery, theft are easy to be the quickest way of drug addicts’ money resource; the methods of drug dealing will affect the results of seizing drugs; on the respect of the kinds and situation of emerging drugs and drug abuse, it has the traits of low pricing, low manufacturing cost, high profit, easy to transport and sell, and drug takers have no responsibility for crime, which lead the consumption of domestic new drugs to increase day by day. In addition, the analysis on the past and present drug market and the prediction of future tendency show that it is difficult to control the problem of drug crimes; the situation that methamphetamine and other emerging drugs are made in the country is becoming serious; the sources of drugs, emerging chemical synthetic drugs and consumer market are becoming more and more complicated and diversified; the demand for marijuana is increasing day by day; transnational amphetamine manufacture has transferred to Southeast Asia; and after the realization of three direct links of Jin Men, it is easy to be the transfer station of drugs between the mainland and Taiwan.

The study put forward 10 suggestions: master the source of drugs; check the channels of drugs; strengthen audio monitoring equipments, while protect privacy right at the same time; try to reduce the economical value of drugs; set up a expropriation system of property for drug criminals; eliminate the technology learning of manufacturing drugs; make the penalties for drug crimes and related crimes more serious; increase the effectiveness of seizing drugs; promote the implement of ‘Reference for Measurement of Punishment’ ; and breakthrough the difficulty of network inspection.

第一章　緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 10
第三節 名詞解釋 11

第二章　文獻探討 13
第一節 毒品氾濫概況探討 13
第二節 毒品市場與犯罪模式 22

第三章　研究方法與設計 39
第一節 研究方法之選擇 39
第二節 研究對象 42
第三節 研究工具 46
第四節 研究倫理 49
第五節 研究分析方法 51
第六節 信效度檢驗 54

第四章 毒品犯訪談研究結果 59
第一節 毒品犯背景資料 59
第二節 犯罪模式：毒品市場分析 66

第五章 焦點團體法研究結果 97
第一節 實務專家學者背景資料 97
第二節 犯罪模式：毒品市場分析 97


第六章 結論與建議 141
第一節 結論 141
第二節 建議 146
第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議 150
第四節　研究者省思 152

參考書目 157
附件一：訪談同意書 161
附件二：臺灣高等法院檢察署毒品獎金審議小組有關認定毒品製造工廠標準之決議 163

一、中文部份
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行政院衛生署管制藥品管理局：95年度台灣地區高危險群藥物濫用調查報告(民96)。管制藥品簡訊，第31期。行政院衛生署管制藥品管理局。
吳芝儀，質性研究取向之犯罪學研究(民96)，犯罪學期刊第九卷第三期。
吳芝儀(民96)，質的研究課程講義。
吳克俊(民95)，臺灣海洛因市場運銷網絡及銷售策略之研究，國立台北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
李名盛(民86)，犯罪模式分析之研究──以台灣海洛因及安非他命 交易為例，中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。
李志恆(民93)，赴澳洲墨爾本參加「第十五屆國際減少毒品相關傷害會議」報告，行政院及所屬各機關出國報告。
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法務部、教育部、外交部、行政院務生署(民96)，九十六年反毒報告書。
法務部調查局(民94)，經濟及毒品犯罪防制工作年報。
法務部調查局(民95)，經濟及毒品犯罪防制工作年報。
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楊士隆（民96），犯罪心理學，台北:五南出版。
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楊士隆主編(民97)，暴力犯罪:原因、類型與對策。台北:五南。
楊士隆等 (民96)，刑事司法與犯罪學研究方法，中華民國犯罪學學會，2007年初版。
蔡德輝、楊士隆 (民95)，犯罪學，台北:五南出版。
蔡俊章(民96)，擄人勒贖犯罪及其偵查預防策略之研究，中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所博士論文。
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羅志龍、梅龍生、林明志(民94)，簡介美國緝毒局組織及查緝毒品方式，日新警察半年刊，第四期，P172-181。





二、英文部分
Ｆrances Heidensohn and Martin Farrell(1993）,Crime In Europe,2th ed,London;Routledge,p.108.
Michael J Palmiotto,Crime Pattern Analysis: An Investigative Tool,Critical Issues in Criminal Investigation,Anderson Publishing Co,1988,P.59.
Michael Quinn Patton ， 吳芝儀、李奉儒 譯(1999)，質的評鑑與研究，桂冠圖書公司出版，p.54.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC(2006）
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC(2007）
Vienna International Center ,Austria (2001)，Global Workshop on Drug Information System－Activities,Methods and Future Opportunities.