臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

交通工具的發明為人類生活創造便利，同時也為人類生命與生活造成威脅，操作稍有不慎動輒造成生命財產之重大傷亡損失。因此，交通安全的相關議題廣為各國政府矚目。
生物辨識可自動辨識個人生理或行為態樣的系統，根據不同的需求設定不同的條件，以達到所需要的目的。人臉偵測是自動化人臉系統的基礎，任何人臉應用系統都需要有一個穩定的人臉偵測方法，才能收到預期的效果。人臉偵測方法概略上的架構由下列幾個項目組成: 人臉候選位置的判定、臉部特徵的擷取與人臉位置的偵測。本文以二維臉部辨識，結合嵌入式攝影系統，試圖透過人臉偵測來瞭解汽車駕駛人駕駛時之行為狀態，並研究相關系統運用於強化行車安全之可行性。

Vehicle inventions facilitate human life but also pose a threat to human lives. The slightest mistake while operating them frequently caused heavy casualties and loss of life. Thus, traffic safety issues have the wide attention of governments.
Biometrics can automatically identify the individual physiological or behavioral aspect of the system. Different conditions can be set according to different needs in order to achieve the desired purpose. Face detection is the basis for automation systems. Face application needs to have strong face detection methods in order to achieve the desired results. The architecture of the face detection method substantially consists of the following project components: determine positions of the candidate’s face; capture and detect the positions of facial features of the human face. In this paper, two-dimensional face recognition, combined with an embedded camera system, attempts to understand through face detection the behavior of motorists while driving and strengthen research-related systems used in the feasibility of road safety.

Table of Contents
摘要 i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Tables vi
List of Figures viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preface 1
1.2 Motivation and Purpose 4
1.3 Literature Review 6
1.4 Research Paper Framework 10
1.5 System Framework 12
Chapter 2 Traffic Accidents and Current Situation of Laws and Regulations in Other Countries 13
2.1 Statistical Analysis of Traffic Accident Data in Taiwan 13
2.2 Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Laws and Regulations in Taiwan 18
2.2.1 Criminal Code and Criminal Code of the Armed Forces 18
2.2.2 Road Traffic Management and Penalty Act, Road Safety Rules, and Other Relevant Traffic Laws and Regulations 22
2.3 Foreign Driving under the Influence (DUI) Norms 24
2.4 Summary 30
Chapter 3 Skin Tone Detection and Color Space 33
3.1 RGB Color Space 33
3.2 YUV Color Space 38
3.3 HSI Color Space 42
Chapter 4 Shape Recognition Theory 47
4.1 Binarized Imaging and Process 47
4.2 Expansion and Erosion 55
4.3 Closing and Opening 58
Chapter 5 Face Marquee 59
5.1 Connected Component Labeling 59
5.2 Elliptical Template Detection 62
Chapter 6 Introduction of Embedded System and Raspberry Pi 67
6.1 Summary of Embedded System 67
6.2 Introduction of Raspberry Pi Functions and Specifications 70
6.3 Features of Raspberry Pi 73
Chapter 7 Experiment and Results 75
7.1 Experimental Environment 75
7.2 Experimental Results 75
Chapter 8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 81
8.1 Conclusion 81
8.2 Future Prospects 81
References 83

[1] Donq-Liang Lee, Jen-sheng Liang, Yu-Fan Wang, Jia-Min Cheng, Yu-Jiun Tzeng, Wei-Ling Jian, “Face Detection And Recognition System”, Department of Information and Telecommunications Engineering, Ming Chuan University, 2007
[2] Huang Yin Ren,“Research on the face detection system”, University Alliance of Changhua, Yunlin and Chiayi Symposium, pp.234-239, 2008
[3] Chen, Chihhao, “Speedup AdaBoost Face Detection by Skin Color Detection”, Department of electronic engineering Ming Chi University of Technology Master’s Thesis, 2011
[4] Hsu. Maohsiang,“Face Detection and Face Recognition Based on Discriminating Features under Lower Illumination”, Department of Electrical Engineering Dayeh University Master’s Thesis,2011
[5] Zhiwei Jiang, Min Yao and Wei Jiang, “Skin Detection Using Color, Texture and Space Information”, IEEE, 4th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2007
[6] Chen Wei Yu, “Fast Face Detection on an Altera SOPC System Using Custom Instructions”, Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science Feng Chia University Master’s Thesis, 2012
[7] Ke-Jie Liao, “Face Detection by Outline, Color, and Facial Features”, The Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering of National Taiwan University Master’s Thesis,2010
[8] Christophe Garcia and Georgios Tziritas, “Face Detection Using Quantized Skin tone Regions Merging and Wavelet Packet Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.1, No.3, September 1999
[9] JIAN-LIANG LIN, “Face Recognition by a 3D Morphable Model”, Department of Engineering Science National Cheng Kung University Master’s Thesis, 2008
[10] Meng-Yin Lin, “Implementation of Multi-License Plate Recognition System Integrated with Google Map Location Tracking”, Department of Computer Science College of Science National Taipei University of Education Master’s Thesis, 2010
[11] Chao-Wei Liao, “Intelligent Monitoring Laboratory System Construction”, Department of Computer Science College of Science National Taipei University of Education Master’s Thesis, 2010
[12] Zi-Hong Li,“The Study and Implementation of Embedded Image System to Achieve the Distance Estimation”, Department of Computer Science College of Science National Taipei University of Education Master’s Thesis, Jul. 2010
[13] Shih-Ting Huang、Yu-Lang Jao、chain-yu Chu,“Study of facial search”, Department of Computer Science Tunghai University topics, 2005
[14] Michael J. Jones and James M. Rehg, “Statistical Color Models with Application to Skin Detection”, IEEE, Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999
[15] Zhong Guoliang, “Introduction to image processing and computer vision”, Taiwan Donghua Bookstore, 2008
[16] Yun-Bo Tsai, “Automatic Skin-color Correction For Face Detection”, Department of Information Engineering I-Shou University Master’s Thesis, 2007
[17] Ming-Chuan Hsieh、Chen-Hui Lien,“Instant face image detection system”, Department of Communication Engineering Feng Chia University report, 2005
[18] Nikhil Rasiwasia,“Color Space for Skin Deteciton-A Review”, Fondazione Graphitech, University of Trento, Italy, January 2010
[19] Wang, Lipeng, “Implementation of Face Recognition System with Three-Dimensional Images”, Department of Computer Science College of Science National Taipei University of Education Master’s Thesis,2011
[20] Christophe Garcia and Georgios Tziritas, “Face Detection Using Quantized Skin tone Regions Merging and Wavelet Packet Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol.1, No.3, September 1999
[21] Wen-Chang Lin, “Skin Color Detection and Face Location in Different sceneries”, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University Master’s Thesis,Jan. 2009
[22] Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, Dec. 2005
[23] Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, August 2007
[24] Hung-En Chien, “Hardware/Software Co_design For Real-Time Surveillance System”, Department of electronic engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Master’s Thesis,Jun. 2004
[25] Chia-Chi Lin, “Predefined Object Protection Based on Human Face Detection and Tracking System”, Department of electrical engineering and Computer Science Feng Chia University Master’s Thesis, Jun.2008
[26] Ming-Te Hsieh,“DUI Enforcement in Taiwan: A Review and Recommendations”, JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SCIENCE CENTRAL POLICE UNIVERSITY Volume 14 No.2 Nov.2014
[27] Sahoo, P.K., et al., "A Survey of Thresholding Techniques", Computer, Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 41, pp.233-260, 1988.
[28] Otsu, N., "A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-9, NO.1, pp.62-66,1979.
[29] Chern-Sheng Lin, Rong-Seng Chang, I-Liang Chih, "Digital Image, Processing for Evaluating the Quality of the Film of a Holographic Plate", SPIE2404-41, 1995.
[30] Ragael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, "Digital Image Processing", 1987.
[31] H.T. Kuo, J.H. Chin, "Tool Wear Inspection using Image Processing Technique", 1991.
[32] Shaang-Tzuu Wey, “Digital image processing”, Full Hua Bookstore,1982
[33] Rong Seng Chang, Yeu-Jent Hu, Chern Sheng Lin, Digital Image Processing for Detecting Crack Growths Using a Caustic Method , Proceeding of NSC, 18 (6) 614-624 (1994)
[34] Chern Sheng Lin, Rong Seng Chang, Yeu-Jent Hu, Computer Simulation and Image Processing Technology for Investigating the Characteristics of the Shape Function of a Holographic Microlens, Journal of Optical Memory and Neural Networks, 3 (3) 343-352 (1994)
[35] Rong-Seng Chang, Chern Sheng Lin and H J Shieh, "A Study of the Behavior of a Muscle Pulsing with Phase Moire Imaging System", Proceeding of NSC, 20 (2) (1996)
[36] Cooper, D.B., and Elliott, H., "A Maximum Lidelihook Framework for Boundary Estimation in Noise Images," IEEE 1978 Pattern Recognition & Image Processing, pp. 25-31.
[37] Duda, R.O., and Hart, P.E., Pattern Classification and Scere Analysis, John Wiely & Sons, New York 1973.
[38] Jiang, B.C., and Shiau, Y.R., 1990. "A Systematic Methodology for Determing/Optimizing a Machine Vsision System's Capability,"International Journaal of Machine Vision and Applications, Vol.3, pp. 169-182.
[39] Loizous, G. and Maybank, S.J., "The Nearnest Neighbor and the BayesError Rates," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-9, 1987, pp. 254-262.
[40] Chung-Wei Lo, “Development for Embedded System Interface by Linux Program”, Department of electrical engineering Ming Chi University of Technology Master’s Thesis,2014
[41] Glasbey, C.A. "An analysis of histogram-based thresholding algorithms, "CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing, 55, 532-537, 1993.
[42] Shiqu, Y.R., and Jiang, B.C., 1993, "A Methodolgy to Evaluate Improve the Performance of a Machine Vision System," Internat-ional Journal of Production Research, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 1467-1478.
[43] Pratt, W.K. Digital Image Processing, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.