臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全球定位系統(Global Positioning System，GPS)至今已發展多年，且廣泛應用於各領域，其具備高可靠性、可用性及精準度，且提供使用者透過智慧型裝置即時取得定位資訊，但是GPS於室內環境中易受到複雜建築物的遮蔽效應與多路徑效應影響，導致衛星訊號在穿透遮蔽物後，因訊號衰減而失去定位功能，然而大多數人於室內環境生活時間超過80%，因此對於室內定位系統在智慧型裝置的需求，已成為現今重要的課題。
本論文使用可見光通訊(Visible Light Communication，VLC)技術結合ARM微處理器(MCU)與智慧型手機，做為室內照明與數據傳輸功能，並且運用VLC系統訊號進行室內定位，為使定位系統容易實現，於智慧型手機Audio Jack外加感測器，即可接收VLC系統訊號。我們利用接收訊號強度指標 (Received Signal Strength Indicator，RSSI) 定位方法，以電壓峰值訊號做為指標，進而判斷室內環境中參考點與目標點之間的距離關係，並且於智慧型手機通過查尋資料表的方式取得RSSI值所對應距離，在運用三邊量測定位方法(Trilateration method)估計目標點的位置，最後於智慧型手機中呈現室內定位結果。
我們使用分時多工(Time Division Multiplexing，TDM)技術於VLC系統進行時間管理，並以水平移動距離做為室內定位系統的RSSI量測。最後分別以三邊量測與指紋比對(Fingerprinting)定位方法，於室內空間定位雛型實作系統進行室內定位測量，在三邊量測方法中平均距離誤差為1.86cm，指紋比對方法中平均距離誤差為2.44cm。由此得知，本論文提出的基於VLC之智慧型手機室內定位系統，能利用智慧型手機準確的估計使用者位置於室內環境中，並彌補GPS系統不足之處。

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been developed for many years and is widely used in various fields. It provides users with instant access to location information via smart devices. But GPS in the indoor environment is vulnerable to the shadow of complex buildings and multi-path effects, resulting in loss of GPS positioning function. Most people live in the indoor environment for more than 80% of the time, so the demand for indoor positioning system, has become an important issue.
In this thesis, Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology combined with ARM Microcontrollers and Smartphone devices is integrated to serve as lighting, com-munication and positioning. To make the positioning system easy to be implemented in the Smartphone, the Audio Jack port is used to connect smartphone with VLC receiver. We use the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to determine the distance be-tween the reference point and the target point in the indoor environment. And the loca-tion of the target point is estimated by the trilateral measurement and location method of the intelligent mobile phone, and finally the indoor positioning result is presented in the intelligent mobile phone.
We use time division multiplexing (TDM) technology in the VLC system for timing management, to avoid interference from adjacent lights. Finally, the indoor location measurement results in the prototype positioning system show the maximum position error of 3cm and the average position error of 1.86cm. It can be concluded that the VLC-based Smartphone indoor positioning system can accurately estimate the location of the user in the indoor environment by using the Smartphone.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
一、緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2研究動機 2
1.3論文架構 4
二、室內定位技術和方法 5
2.1室內定位技術 5
2.1.1 Bluetooth技術 5
2.1.2 Wi-Fi技術 6
2.1.3 ZigBee技術 7
2.1.4可見光通訊技術 8
2.1.5室內定位感測技術比較 10
2.2室內定位方法 11
2.2.1 接收訊號角度定位方法 11
2.2.2 到達時間定位方法 12
2.2.3 到達時間差定位方法 13
2.2.4 接收訊號強度指標定位方法 14
2.2.5 室內定位方法比較 15
三、室內定位系統架構與硬體設計 17
3.1傳送端訊號源 18
3.2傳送端電路 21
3.3傳送端LED陣列 22
3.4接收端電路 23
3.5接收端訊號強ADC轉換RSSI 26
3.6接收端Audio Quick Jack 30
3.7接收端Smartphone 35
3.8ARM微處理器介紹 37
四、基於可見光通訊RSSI室內定位方法 42
4.1參考點訊號與目標點的距離關係 42
4.2RSSI移動平均測量方法 45
4.3LED RSSI值測量方法 54
五、VLC室內定位系統於智慧型手機 62
5.1分時多工傳輸技術於室內定位方法 62
5.2三邊量測定位演算法與實現方式 65
六、VLC室內定位系統量測與研究結果 71
6.1室內定位環境空間 71
6.2室內定位系統位置與誤差量測 74
七、結論與未來研究 80
參考文獻 81

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