臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

現今，對於SAR(Specific Absorption Rate)的評估皆以近場方式量測：利用電場探針，量測在人體組織內的電場強度；或是利用熱攝像儀，量測人體組織表面熱溫度。然而，以遠場量測方式評估，亦是值得研究的方式，其所測量的是電磁輻射能量的吸收。
本研究論文提出一種新的量測方式，以評估遠場whole-body SAR，其量測方式為：把輻射源(即天線)置於(1)自由空間；與(2)人體組織附近。由能量不滅定律可知：其輻射源的電磁輻射能量損失，大部分損失是由人體組織所吸收，少部分損失是在電磁傳播時損失。利用Wheeler Cap方法，量測得之電磁輻射能量的差以求出whole-body SAR。
本論文提出之遠場量測方式，經實際量測與模擬比較，其天線效率之相對誤差介於13 %至3 %間；而遠場whole-body SAR量測結果與ref. [4.9]相比較，其量測相對誤差為14 %。藉由實際量測評估電磁輻射能量對人體組織干擾之影響結果顯示，當輻射源-天線與人體頭部組織相距於170 mm，可減少70 %之電磁輻射能量對人體組織之影響程度。本論文提出之量測方式，具有以下優點：快速，省時，簡單。利用遠場量測系統與向量網路分析儀，快速收集所需的量測數據，減少量測時間的花費以評估遠場電磁輻射能量對人體組織之影響。

The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is generally evaluated by using the near-field measurement method, which is to measure the E-field strength deposited into the human similar tissue with the E-probe and/or to measure the thermal energy deposited on the surface of the human similar tissue with the thermal camera. Furthermore, it is worthy of studying the absorption of EM radiation energy deposited into the human similar tissue by using the far-field measurement system. Therefore, we propose a new measurement method to evaluate the far-field whole-body SAR, which is different from the near-field measurement method.
The far-field measurement method is considering the absorption limit of the EM radiation power absorbed by the human similar tissue. There are two process steps to evaluate the absorption limit: (1) Taking the far-field measurement system measures the EM radiation powers of a radiation source such as antenna placed in free space and in neighbor of phantom respectively. (2) Taking the Wheeler Cap method evaluates the lost EM radiation power. According to the law of conservation of energy, most of the lost EM radiation power is absorbed by the human similar tissue and a little portion is losing in the stage of EM propagation. Therefore, the far-field whole-body SAR can be calculated while the total radiated power and the input power of a radiation source are known.
The evaluated far-field whole-body SAR is compared to the ref. [4.9], which the relative error is within 14 %. According to the measured results, the EM radiation interaction effect can be greatly reduced approximately by 70 % when the separation distance of the EM radiation source and the human similar tissue is more than 170 mm. The measured results of the antenna efficiency are compared to the simulated results, which the relative errors are between 13 % and 3 %.
The proposed new method has the good advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and saving time, which means that a small quantity number of data collection is necessary to evaluate the interaction effect between antenna far-field EM radiation and human similar tissue. The measured results have the good agreement with the simulated results.

Abstract (English) ….i
Abstract (Chinese) ...iii
Acknowledgement ...iv
Contents ....v
List of Tables ..vii
List of Figures …x
Chapter 1 Introduction …1
1.1 Background and Motivation …1
1.2 Outline of the Thesis …5
Chapter 2 FDTD Basic Theory, Standard Regulation, and Methodology …7
2.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Formulation …7
2.1.1 Basic Theory of Numerical FDTD …8
2.1.2 The Solution of EM Field in Time and in Space
Arrangements …9
2.2 Definition of Far-field Region ..15
2.3 Standard Regulations and Measurement Process ..19
Chapter 3 Design and Analysis of Multiband Antenna Applied to Mobile
Devices for Wimax/WLAN Applications ..22
3.1 Measurement of Antenna Efficiency by Using the Wheeler Cap
Method ..24
3.1.1 Basic Theory and Measurement Process of the Wheeler Cap
Method ..24
3.1.2 An Improved Wheeler Cap Method for Antenna Efficiency
Measurement ..27
3.1.3 Johnston Antenna Efficiency Measurement Method ..33
3.1.4 Antenna Gain ..37
3.2 CPW-fed Broadband Double Printed F-shape Planar Radiators
Loaded Antenna for Wimax/WLAN Applications ..39
3.2.1 Antenna Design and Configuration ..40
3.2.2 Simulated and Measured Results ..46
Chapter 4 Interaction Effect between Antenna Far-field Electromagnetic
Radiation and Human Head Similar Tissue ..58
4.1 EM Radiation Interaction Effects between Human Head
Phantom and a Dipole Antenna in 1900 MHz ..60
4.1.1 Design for a Dipole Antenna Operated in 1900 MHz ..60
4.2 Evaluating EM Radiation Interaction Effects between Human
Head Phantom and a Dipole Antenna by Far-Field Measurement
System at 1900 MHz ..74
4.2.1 Construction of the Far-field Measurement Model ..75
4.2.2 Antenna Performances while Closing to the Human
Head Phantom ..85
4.2.3 Far-field Whole-body SAR Measurement 102
Chapter 5 Conclusion 118
References 120
Appendix A 128
List of Journal Paper 128
List of Conference Paper 129
Appendix B 130
S. Y. Huang, S. Y. Chen and J. S. Sun, "Far-Field Effects with Human Head Evaluation of EM Emission," WSEAS International Conference
on Applied Electromagnetics, Wireless and Optical Communications, Corful Island, Greece, pp. 47-51, August 23-25, 2005. 131

[1.1] R. C. Millikan, J. S. Player, A. R. deCotret, C. K. Tse, and T. Keku,
"Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, medical exposure to ionizing radiation,
and breast cancer risk," Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, pp. 2326-2334,
October 2005.
[1.2] D. J. Brenner, R. Doll, D. Goodhead, et al., "Cancer risks attributable to low
doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know," Proceeding of
National Academy Sciences, vol. 100, no. 24, pp. 13761-13766, November 2003.
[1.3] R. Knight, R. parshad, F. Price, et al., "X-ray-induced chromatid damage in
relation to DNA repair and cancer incidence in family members," International
Journal of Cancer, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 589-593, June 1993.
[1.4] A. C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology Philadelphia, PA: Saunders,
1996.
[1.5] A. W. Guy, J. C. Lin, P. O. Kramar, and A. F. Emery, "Effect of 2450-MHz
radiation on the rabbit eye," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory
Technology, vol. MTT-23, pp. 492-498, 1975.
[1.6] B. A ppleton, S. E. Hirsch, and P. V. K. Brown, "Investigation of
single-exposure microwave ocular effects at 300 MHz," Annal of New Yourk
Academy of Sciences, vol. 247, pp. 125-134, 1975.
[1.7] A. Hirate, "Temperature increase in human eyes due to near-field and far-field
exposures at 900 MHz, 1.5 MHz, and 1.9 GHz," IEEE Transaction on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1012-1026, 2005.
[1.8] A. C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology Philadelphia, PA: Saunders,
1996.
[1.9] A. W. Guy, J. C. Lin, P. O. Kramar, and A. F. Emery, "Effect of 2450-MHz
radiation on the rabbit eye," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory
Technology, vol. MTT-23, pp. 492-498, 1975.
[1.10] B. A ppleton, S. E. Hirsch, and P. V. K. Brown, "Investigation of
single-exposure microwave ocular effects at 300 MHz," Annal of New Yourk
Academy of Sciences, vol. 247, pp. 125-134, 1975.
[1.11] A. Hirate, "Temperature increase in human eyes due to near-field and far-field
exposures at 900 MHz, 1.5 MHz, and 1.9 GHz," IEEE Transaction on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1012-1026, 2005.
[1.12] World Health Organization, http://www.who.int
[1.13] K. S. Yee, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving
Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media," IEEE Transaction on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 14, pp. 302-307, May 1966.
[1.14] R. F. Harrington, Field Computation by Moment Methods, Wiley-IEEE Press,
May 1993.
[1.15] M. A. Mangoud, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, N. J. Mcewan, P. S. Excell, and E. A.
Abdulmula, "SAR Reduction for Handset with Two-Element Phased Array
Antenna Computed Using Hybrid MoM/FDTD Technique," Electronic Letters,
vol. 35, pp.1693-1694, 1999.
[1.16] M. M. Abousetta, Z. K. Alhamdani, S. I. Al-Mously, M. E. Al-daghistani, and K.
F. Omran, "Electromagnetic Hazard Mitigation in Mobile Telephones," IEE
Seminar Electromagnet Assessment and Antenna Design Relating to Health
Implications of Mobile Phones, pp. 12/1-12/7, 1999.
[1.17] M. Jung and B. Lee, "SAR Reduction for Mobile Phones Based on Analysis of
EM Absorbing Material Characteristics," IEEE International Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation Society, vol. 2, pp. 1017-1020, 2003.
[2.1] K. S. Yee, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving
Maxwell''s equations in isotropic media," IEEE Transaction on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 14, pp. 302-307, May 1966.
[2.2] O. P. Gandhi and G. Kang, "Some present problems and a proposed
experimental phantom for SAR compliance testing of cellular telephones at 835
and 1900 MHz," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 47, pp. 1501-1518,
2002.
[2.3] P. Yang and K. N. Liou, "Finite-difference time domain method for light
scattering by small ice crystals in three-dimensional space," Journal of the
Optical Society of America A, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2072-2085, October 1996.
[2.4] S. D. Gedney, Introduction to the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD)
Method for Electromagnetics, Morgan & Claypool, pp. 40-46, 2011.
[2.5] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, 2005.
[2.6] E. Chan, The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method, FDTD Analysis
of Crosstalk Between Striplines, June 1996.
[2.7] E. Nishiyama and M. Aikawa, "FDTD analysis of stacked microstrip antenna
with high gain," Progress in Electromagnetics Research PIER, vol. 33, pp.
29-43, 2001.
[2.8] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, pp. 839-840, 1996.
[2.9] D. K. Chang, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, pp.
404-406, 1989.
[2.10] A. C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology Philadelphia, PA: Saunders,
1996.
[2.11] A. W. Guy, J. C. Lin, P. O. Kramar, and A. F. Emery, "Effect of 2450-MHz
radiation on the rabbit eye," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory
Technology, vol. MTT-23, pp. 492-498, 1975.
[2.12] B. A ppleton, S. E. Hirsch, and P. V. K. Brown, "Investigation of
single-exposure microwave ocular effects at 300 MHz," Annal of New Yourk
Academy of Sciences, vol. 247, pp. 125-134, 1975.
[2.13] A. Hirate, "Temperature increase in human eyes due to near-field and far-field
exposures at 900 MHz, 1.5 MHz, and 1.9 GHz," IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1012-1026, 2005.
[2.14] IEEE C95.1-1999, Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio
frequency electromagnetic fields 3 KHz to 300 GHz, Incorporating IEEE
standard C95.1-1991 and IEEE C95.1a-1998.
[2.15] ICNIRP, Guidelines for limiting wxposure to time-varying electric, magnetic
and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Phs., 74:494-522, 1998.
[2.16] IEEE 1528-2003, IEEE recommended practice for determining the peak
spatial-average specific absorption rate SAR) in the human head from wireless
communications devices: measurement techniques, Incorporating IEEE standard
C1528-2003.
[2.17] Federal Communications Commission, Evaluating compliance with FCC
guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, FCC
Std. OET Bulletin 65 ver. 97-01.
[3.1] R. H. Johnston, L. P. Ager, and J. G. Mcrory, "A new small antenna efficiency
measurement method," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium, pp. 176-179, 1996.
[3.2] R. H. Johnston, "Evaluation of wheeler cap antenna efficiency measurement
methods using numerical EM simulation date," IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society International Symposium, pp. 1-4, 2008.
[3.3] R. H. Johnston and J. G. Mcrory, "An improved of small antenna radiation
efficiency measurement method," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,
vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 40-48, October 1998.
[3.4] C. S. Lee, A. Duffy, and C. Lee, "Antenna efficiency measurement in a
reverberation chamber without the need for a reference antenna," IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 448-450, 2008.
[3.5] J. Yang, S. Pivnenko, T. Laitinen, J. Carlsson, and X. Chen, "Measurements of
diversity gain and radiation efficiency of the eleven antenna by using different
measurement techniques," Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on
Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1-5, 2010.
[3.6] W. L. Schroeder and D. Gapski, "Direct measurement of small antenna
radiation efficiency by calorimetric method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, vol. 54, no. 54, pp. 2646-2656, 2006.
[3.7] H. Choo, R. Rogers, and H. Ling, "On the wheeler cap measurement of the
efficiency of microstrip antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 2328-2332, 2005.
[3.8] H. L. Thal, "A circuit model for spherical wheeler cap measurements," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 3638-3645,
2011.
[3.9] Y. Huang, R. M. Narayanan, and G. R. Kadambi, "On wheeler cap’s method
for efficiency measurement of small antennas," IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society International Symposium, pp. 346-349, 2001.
[3.10] M. Geissler, O. Litschke, D. Heberling, P. Waldow, and I. Wolff, "An improved
method for measurement the radiation efficiency of mobile devices," IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, pp. 734-746,
2003.
[3.11] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, pp. 60-61, 1996.
[3.12] H. A. Wheeler, "The radiansphere around a small antenna," Proceeding of the
IRE, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1325-1331, 1959.
[3.13] Skyworks solutions Inc., Antenna Efficiency Measurement, pp. 1-6, 2007.
[3.14] E. H. Newman, P. Bohley, C. H. Walter, "Two methods for the measurement of
antenna efficiency," IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, vol.
AP-23, no. 4, pp. 457-467, July 1975.
[3.15] J. Zhang, S. Pivnenko, and O. Breinbjerg, "A modified wheeler cap method for
radiation efficiency measurement of balanced electrically small antennas,"
Proceeding of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation
(EuCAP), pp. 1-5, 2010.
[3.16] R. Meys and F. Janssens, "Measuring the impedance of balanced antennas by an
S-parameter method," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 40, no.
6, pp. 62-65, December 1998.
[3.17] X. Qing, C. K. Goh, and Z. N. Chen, "Impedance characterization of RFID tag
antennas and application in tag co-design," IEEE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1268-1274, May 2009.
[3.18] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, pp. 186-188, 2005.
[3.19] R. H. Johnston and J. G. Mcrory, "Small antenna efficiency by the reflection and
the Q measurement methods," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, pp. 1810-1813, 1999.
[3.20] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, pp. 58-60, 1996.
[3.21] R. K. Mongia and A. Ittipiboon, "Theoretical and experimental investigations on
rectangular dielectric resonator antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1348-1356, September 1997.
[3.22] P. Rezaei, M. Hakkak, and K. Forooraghi, "Design of wide-band dielectric
resonator antenna with a two-segment structure," Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, PIER 66, pp. 111-124, 2006.
[3.23] J. Moon and S. Park, "Dielectric resonator antenna for dual-band
PCS/IMT-2000," Electronics Letter, vol. 36, no. 12, June 2000, pp. 1002-1003.
[3.24] Y. M. M. Antar, D. Cheng, G. Seguin, B. Henry, and M. G. Keller, "Modified
waveguide model for rectangular dielectric resonator antenna," Microwave and
Optical Technology Letter, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 158-160, Oct. 1998.
[3.25] J. S. Sun and S. Y. Huang, "A small 3D multi-band antenna of F shape for
portable phones’ applications," Progress In Electromagnetic Research Letters,
vol. 9, pp. 183-192, 2009.
[3.26] A. Rashidian, K. Forooraghi, and M. Tayfeh-Aligodarz, "Investigations on
two-segment dielectric resonator antenna," Microwave and Optical Technology
Letters, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 533-537, June 2005.
[3.27] S. G. O’Keefe, S. P. Kingsley, and S. Saario, "FDTD simulation of radiation
characteristics of half-volume HEM and TE-mode dielectric resonator antennas,"
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagations, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 175-179,
February 2002.
[3.28] D. Torrumgrueng and S. Lamultree, "Equivalent graphical solutions of
terminated conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines with
non-negative and corresponding negative characteristic resistances," Progress in
Electromagnetics Research, PIER 92, pp. 137-151, 2009.
[3.29] P. Rezaei, M. Hakkak, and K. Forooraghi, "Dielectric resonator antenna for
wireless LAN applications," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 1005-1008, July 2006.
[3.30] A. Petosa, N. Simons, R. Siushansian, A. Ittipiboon, and M. Cuhaci, "Design and
analysis of multisegment dielectric resonator antennas," IEEE Transactions on
Antenna and Propagation, vol. 48, no. 5, pp.738-742, May 2000.
[3.31] M. Saed and R. Yadla, "Microstrip-fed low profile and compact dielectric
resonator antennas," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 56, pp.
151-162, 2006.
[3.32] D. Torrumgrueng and S. Lamultree, "Equivalent graphical solutions of
terminated conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines with
non-negative and corresponding negative characteristic resistances," Progress in
Electromagnetics Research, PIER 92, pp. 137-151, 2009.
[3.33] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, pp. 57-63, 2005.
[4.1] N. Chavannes, R. Tay, N. Nikoloski, and N. Kuster, "Suitability of
FDTD-based TCAD tools for RF design of mobile phones," IEEE Transaction
on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 52-66, December 2003.
[4.2] M. Burkhardt and N. Kuster, "Appropriate modeling of the ear for complicance
testing of handheld MTE with SAR safety limits at 900/1800 MHz," IEEE
Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 48, no. 11, pp.
1927-1934, November 2000.
[4.3] H. Kawai and K. Ito, "Simple evaluation method of estimating local average
SAR," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, no. 8,
pp. 2021-2029, August 2004.
[4.4] C. G. Chou, A. G. Chen, and K. Luk, "Formulas for preparing phantom muscle
tissue at various radiofrequencies," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 5, pp. 435-441,
1984.
[4.5] G. A. Hartsgrove, Kraszewski, and A. Surowiec, "Simulated biological
materials for electromagnetic radiation absorption studies," Bioelectromagnetics,
vol. 8, pp. 29-36, 1987.
[4.6] Federal Communications Commission, Evaluating compliance with FCC
guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, FCC
Std. OET Bulletin 65 ver. 97-01.
[4.7] IEEE 1528-2003, IEEE recommended practice for determining the peak
spatial-average specific absorption rate SAR) in the human head from wireless
communications devices: measurement techniques, Incorporating IEEE standard
C1528-2003.
[4.8] C. Gabriel, Compilation of the dielectric properties of body tissues at RF and
microwave frequencies, U.S. Air Force Report AFOSR-TR-96.
[4.9] T. Arima, T. Imamura, and T. Uno, "New measurement method of whole body
SAR by using wheeler cap method," URSI General Assembly and Scientific
Symposium, pp. 1-4, 2011.