臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Dendrite arborization is crucial for the function of neuron, and the dendritic morphology is known to be regulated by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors exquisitely. Among the known factors, Golgi outposts (GOPs) are specialized organelle found in neuron, and disperse in the extensive dendrite region. GOP is thought to be similar to the conventional Golgi complex, since GOP retains multi-cisternae stacks and several proteins localize in Golgi complex originally. Furthermore, accumulative evidences imply the functional role of GOPs in dendrite arborization, such as being the acentrosomal site for microtubule nucleation. Referring to the various function of Golgi complex, it has been postulated that GOPs might also serve as the multi-functional platforms in dendrite. However, whether GOPs are responsible for multiple functions in dendrite arborization is remained elusive. In a candidate-based screen, we found that Fringe (Fng), the Drosophila beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, resided to a subset of GOPs in class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neuron of Drosophila larva. In addition, while Fng increased propagation onto dendritic GOPs in the later development stage of C4da neuron, collateral increase of dendrite retraction happened to C4da neuron concomitantly. Therefore, the results indicate a novel function of Fng-localized GOPs (Fng+-GOPs) in deviating dendrite dynamics from the outgrowing to retracting state. Regarding that Notch (N) is the known substrate glycosylated by Fng, we geared to examine whether N was the effector mediating function of fng in dendrite arborization. The results showed that fng and N functioned in suppressing dendrite arborization. Correspondingly, the level of Fng reversely correlated with actin dynamics in dendrite. Presumptively, enhanced N signaling, which depended on Fng, might be responsible for altering actin dynamics and eventually cause retracting state of dendrite branches. Concomitantly, elevated expression of ligand Dl for N was found in the juxtaposed epidermal cells close to C4da neuron in the later larval development stage. Thus, epidermal Dl might elicit the N signaling in C4da neuron. Furthermore, we also found that the abundance of Fng+-GOPs in dendrites was negatively correlated with level of Furin 2 (Fur2), which belongs to the conserved proprotein convertase protein family known to cleave mammalian Fringes. Hence, the results imply that Fur2 is responsible for modulating the amount of dendritic Fng+-GOPs. Thus, a novel function of GOPs is proposed that GOPs serve as a venue for Fur2, Fng, N functioning coordinately to alter the dendrite dynamics of neuron.
Furthermore, for the dynamic profiles of GOPs, we found that Leucine-rich repeat kinase (Lrrk) would disrupt the coupling between GOP and its adaptor protein Lava lamp (Lav), and thus hinder the dynein-based transportation of GOPs. This mechanistic interaction between Lrrk and Lav highly depends on the kinase activity of Lrrk. Eventually, disrupted dynamic profiles of GOPs cause aberrant dendrite arborization of C4da neuron. Meanwhile, the mammalian homologue of Lrrk is Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), which is the Parkinson’s disease related gene because of the known pathological mutations of LRRK2, such as kinase activated mutation LRRK2-G2019S. In this study, our results show that mutated LRRK2-G2019S has higher kinase activity and endows similar molecular mechanism to affect the dynamic profiles of GOPs, and LRRK2-G2019S also deteriorated the dendrite arborization. Therefore, we find that Lrrk is the negative regulator for the GOPs dynamics, and the abnormal GOPs dynamic profile caused by LRRK2-G2019S might be part of the neuronal pathology in Parkinson’s disease.
Taken together, in this study, unknown characteristic properties and functions of GOPs in neuron are revealed, and this study shows that both heterogeneous contents and dynamics of GOPs are correlated to dendrite arborization. Therefore, GOPs are indeed pluripotent with versatile functions and significantly involved in dendrite arborization.

Acknowledgments ......i
Abstract......ii
Contents......iv
List of Figures......vi
Chapter 1 Introduction......1
1.1 Dendrite is specialized structure and important for functions of neuron......1
1.2 Class IV dendritic arborization neuron of Drosophila larva as the model for studying dendrite......2
1.3 GOP is presumptive complement for satellite secretory pathway in dendrite......4
1.4 Correlation between GOPs and dendrite arborization......4
1.5 Known contents of GOPs......6
1.6 Fringe is the glycosyltransferase, but the function in dendrite is unknown......7
1.7 Furin 2 is the probable regulator for Fng in dendrite, yet the function is unclear......9
1.8 N is glycosylated by Fng, yet whether it is involved in dendrite arborization is unclear......10
1.9 GOP dynamics and a presumptive regulator, Lrrk, for it......12
1.10 This study is aimed for the unknown functions of GOPs in dendrite arborization......13
Chapter 2 Materials and methods......14
2.1 Fly strains......14
2.2 Collecting Drosophila larva at partitioned stages during development......17
2.3 Image acquisition......17
2.4 Image processing and Data analysis......20
Chapter 3 Results I - Fringe, beta-1,3-N-acetlyglucosaminyltransferase, -localized Golgi outposts in dendrite retraction......25
3.1 Transition of terminal dendrite dynamics during third instar larval stages......25
3.2 Constant GOP distributions in C4da dendrites in three larval stages......26
3.3 FNG localizes at the Golgi structures in C4da neurons......27
3.4 Restricted distribution of Fng-positive GOPs to proximal dendrite branches in E3 stage......28
3.5 Fng functions in suppressing dendrite arborization......30
3.6 Delta and Notch function in dendrite retraction......31
3.7 Fng regulates actin blob dynamics in dendrite......33
3.8 Furin 2 regulates Fng localization at dendritic GOPs......34
Chapter 4 Results II - Lrrk regulates the dynamic profile of dendritic Golgi outposts through the golgin Lava lamp......38
4.1 Lrrk regulates the pool size of stationary GOPs......38
4.2 Lrrk suppresses anterograde movement of GOPs......39
4.3 Lrrk suppresses dendrite dynamics......41
4.4 Lrrk kinase activity is required in regulating GOP dynamics and dendrite arborization......41
4.5 Lrrk2 G2019S mutation enhances retrograde transport of GOPs......43
4.6 wls is required for dendrite self-avoidance in Drosophila C4da neurons......44
Chapter 5 Discussion......45
5.1 Heterogeneous GOPs in dendrite are responsible for multiple functions......45
5.2 GOPs are involved in affecting dendrite dynamics......47
5.3 Fng and N are involved in dendrite arborization cooperatively......49
5.4 Spatiotemporal characters of Dl for regulating dendrite arborization......51
5.5 Fur2 regulates Fng localized on GOPs and dendrite arborization......52
5.6 GOP might serve as platform for molecules function locally in dendrite arborization......54
5.7 Lrrk reduces mobility of GOPs and change the dynamic profiles of GOPs......55
5.8 Lrrk affects GOPs distributions and suppresses dendrite arborization......57
5.9 LRRK2 mutant G2019S increases retrograde GOPs and suppresses dendrite arborization......57
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