臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

常壓電漿噴射束技術(Atmospheric pressure plasma jet, APPJ)與傳統電漿製程比較，因無需真空系統，可藉由常壓電漿環境下之氧化物種進行霧化液滴內金屬離子之氧化反應，並直接形成所需金屬氧化薄膜於基材上，相較傳統材料合成，無需使用過多之化學藥劑，可免於後續廢化學藥品回收之可能，屬於一綠色材料製程。因此，本研究將以常壓電將噴射束系統製備銀基(Silver-based)之陶金鍍膜材料，包括銀金屬膜層及銀-氧化鈰(Ag-CeO2)膜層，應用於中低溫型固態氧化物燃料電池之陰極材料。
以常壓電將製備之銀-氧化鈰陰極材料之材料特性，分析結果得知，剛沉積及經熱處理後之Ag、AC82、AC64、AC46、AC28及CeO2膜層沒有二次相或雜相的產生，且所沉積之膜層皆由球狀顆粒所堆積而成，並獲得多孔性之結構。
由電化學分析結果可以知道，當陰極材料在中低溫(400-500oC)環境下以AC64複合膜層有最高之交換電流密度及電功率密度，其值分別為550.23 mA/cm2及256.77 mW/cm2。而在中溫(550-600oC)環境下以AC28有最高之交換電流密度及電功率密度，其值分別為907.18 mA/cm2及703.28 mW/cm2。
因此，欲降低固態氧化物燃料電池之操作溫度，利用常壓電漿噴射束製備之AC64及AC28複合陰極材料分別能夠有效的在中低溫及中溫環境下有良好的電性表現。

As compared to the conventional plasma process, the atmospheric pressure plasma jet is an advanced innovative plasma technology. It offers oxidizing species to atomize the metal into droplets under atmospheric environment, because of it does not require any vacuum system. It is a green technology, accompanying with a simple ion reduction reaction process without the use of excessive chemicals. Therefore, Ag-CeO2 composite cathode films deposited by atmospheric pressure plasma jet for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells in this study.
According to the results, it’s indicated that the Ag-CeO2 composite cathodes with spherical particles are no found the secondary and impurity phase. The Ag-CeO2 composite cathode film electrochemical performance can be known by electrochemical measurement. The AC64 composite cathode with maximum current density (550.23 mA/cm2) and power density (256.77 mW/cm2) was operated at intermediate and low temperature (400-500oC). Then, the AC28 composite cathode was operated at intermediate temperature (500-600oC), and the result could get the maximum current density (907.18 mA/cm2) and power density (703.28 mW/cm2). Therefore, there was a good electrochemical performance at intermediate temperature in AC64 and AC28 composite cathodes material deposited by atmospheric pressure plasma jet.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 XV
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1固態氧化物燃料電池 5
2.1.1 固態氧化物燃料電池簡介 5
2.1.2 固態氧化物燃料電池之工作原理 6
2.2固態氧化物燃料電池元件材料 7
2.2.1 固態電解質材料 7
2.2.2 陽極材料 10
2.2.3 陰極材料 18
2.3 SOFC材料製備技術 40
2.3.1 傳統方法製備SOFC材料 40
2.3.2 先進陶瓷製備法:透過電漿反應進行燃料電池氧化物電極材料製備 42
第三章 實驗程序 50
3.1氧化釔安定氧化鋯(8YSZ)電解質製備 50
3.2氧化鎳(NiO)前驅物水溶液製備 50
3.3銀-氧化鈰(Ag-CeO2)前驅物水溶液製備 50
3.4常壓電漿噴射束製備陽極膜層 50
3.5常壓電漿噴射束製備陰極膜層 51
3.6材料特性分析 52
3.6.1 X光繞射儀 52
3.6.2 百格刀附著性測試 53
3.6.3 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡 53
3.6.4拉曼光譜儀 53
3.6.5電化學性能測試 56
第四章 結果與討論 59
4.1前言 59
4.2銀-氧化鈰(Ag-CeO2)複合陰極材料特性之研究 60
4.2.1 結晶結構 60
4.2.2 表面形貌分析 61
4.2.3 附著性測試 63
4.2.4 熱穩定性測試 63
4.2.5 拉曼光譜分析 66
4.3銀-氧化鈰(Ag-CeO2)複合陰極材料之電化學分析 86
4.3.1 極化阻抗及交換電流密度分析 86
4.3.2 電流-電壓及電功率曲線分析 89
4.3.3 長時間電池測試 91
第五章 結論 113
第六章 未來展望 114
第七章 參考文獻 115

[1] 後石油時代–21世紀的能源新思維https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/zh-tw/articles/c/0/10/10/1/1045.htm.
[2] 環境資訊中心 2014/3/28 解讀聯合國最新氣候變遷報告（9）「無人倖免」 IPCC：氣候變遷正衝擊糧食與人類安http://e-info.org.tw/node/98341.
[3] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/index.shtml.
[4] J. Larminie, A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley, 2ed. (2003).
[5] R. M. Ormerod, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Chemical Society Reviews, 32 (2003) pp. 17–28.
[6] 肖鋼，”燃料電池技術”，全華科技圖書 (2010).
[7] N. Q. Minh, Solid oxide fuel cell technology—Features and applications, Solid State Ionics 174 (2004) pp. 271–277.
[8] S.P S. Badwal, K. Foger, Solid Oxide Electrolyte Fuel Cell Review, Ceramics International 22 (1996) pp. 257–265.
[9] A. Mai, V.A.C. Haanappel, S. Uhlenbruck, F. Tietz, D. Stover, Ferrite-Based Perovskites as Cathode Materials for Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Part I. Variation of Composition, Solid State Ionics, 176 (2005) pp. 1341-1350.
[10] K. C. Wincewicz, and J. S. Cooper, Taxonomies Of SOFC Material and Manufacturing Alternatives, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 140 (2005) pp. 280-296.
[11] S. P. S. Badwal, Stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components, Solid State Ionics, vol. 143 (2001) pp. 39-46.
[12] P. Charpentier, P. Fragnaud, D. M. Schleich, and E. Gehain, Preparation of Thin Film Sofcs Working at Reduced Temperature, Solid State Ionics, vol. 135 (2000) pp. 373-380.
[13] NASA SOFC Fuel Cells http://pics-about-space.com/nasa-sofc-fuel-cells?p=1#.
[14] A.B. Stambouli, E. Traversa, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6 (2002) pp. 433–455.
[15] E. T. A. Boudghene Stambouli, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): A Review of An Environmentally Clean and Efficient Source of Energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 6 (2002) pp. 433–455.
[16] N. Q. Minh and T. Takahashi, Science and Technology of Ceramic Fuel Cells Chapter 4 Electrolyte, Elsevier Science Ltd: Oxford (1995).
[17] 黃慧婷，以常壓電漿噴射束製備鑭鍶錳氧化物固態燃料電池陰極材料之研究，碩士論文，機械工程所，國立台灣科技大學 (民104年)
[18] Anak Agung Sagung Dewi Afiati，利用常壓電漿噴塗雙層鑭鍶鈷鐵氧化物燃料電池陰極材料之適用性，碩士論文，機械工程所，國立台灣科技大學 (民105年)
[19] K. Huang, J.B. Goodenough, A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell based on Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO3 Electrolyte: The Role of a Rare-Earth Oxide Buffer, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 303-304 (2000), pp. 454–464.
[20] S. Nakayama, T. Kageyama, H. Aono, Y. Sadaoka, Ionic Conductivity of Lanthanoid Silicates Ln10(SiO4)6O3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Y, Ho, Er and Yb), J. Materials Chemistry, 5 (1995), pp. 1801–1805.
[21] Y. M. Chiang, D. P. Birnie, W. D. Kingery, Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering, New York: J. Wiley (1997).
[22] S. Badwal, Stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components, Solid State Ionics, 143 (2001), pp. 39–46.
[23] H. Yohiro, K. Eguchi, H. Arai, Ionic Conduction and Microstructure of The Ceria-Strontia System, Solid State Ionics, 21 (1986), pp. 37–47.
[24] S.M. Haile, Fuel Cell Materials and Components, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003), pp. 5981–6000.
[25] D. Lybye, F. W. Poulsen, M. Mogensen, Conductivity of A-and B-site Doped LaAlO3, LaGaO3, LaScO3 and LaInO3 Perovskites, Solid State Ionics, 128 (2000), pp. 91–103.
[26] T. Y. Chen and K. Z. Fung, Comparison of Dissolution Behavior and Ionic Conduction Between Sr and/or Mg Doped LaGaO3 and LaAlO3, J. Power Sources, 132 (2004), pp. 1–10.
[27] S. Nakayama, M. Sakamoto, Electrical Properties of New Type High Oxide Ionic Conductor RE10Si6O27 (RE = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy), J. Materials Chemistry, 18 (1998), pp. 1413–1418.
[28] J. R. Wilson, W. Kobsiriphat, R. Mendoza, H. Y. Chen, J. M. Hiller, D. J. Miller, K. Thornton, P. W. Voorhees, S. B. Adler, and S. A. Barnett, Three Dimensional Reconstruction of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode, Nature materials 5 (2006), pp. 541.
[29] S. P. S. Badwal, K. Foger, Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Mater. Forum 21 (1997) pp. 187–224.
[30] E. Maguire, B. Gharbage, F.M.B. Marques, J.A. Labrincha, Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature SOFCs, Solid State Ion., 127 (2000) pp. 329–3350
[31] S.C. Singhal, Advances in solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology, Solid State Ion., 135 (2000) 305–313.
[32] X. Zhang, S. Ohara, R. Maric, K. Mukai, T. Fukui, H. Yoshida, M. Nishimura, T. Inagaki, K. Miura, Ni-SDC Cermet Anode for Medium-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Lanthanum Gallate Electrode, J. Power Sources, 83 (1999) pp. 170–177.
[33] J. Morse, R. Graff, P. Hayes, A. Jankowski, Porous Thin-Film Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 575 (2000) pp. 321–324.
[34] R. Gorte, S. Park, J. Vohs, C. Want, Anodes for Direct Oxidation of dry Hydrocarbons In A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Adv. Mater., 12 (2000) pp. 1465–1469.
[35] P. Singh, J. Stevenson, SECA Core Technology Program Overview, in: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual SECA Meeting, April 15, 2003
[36] I. M. f. E. a. E. Engineering, Ni-based Cemet Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, (2009) 449x416.
[37] Y. Leng, S. H. Chan, Q. L. Liu, Development of LSCF-GDC composite Cathodes for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Thin Film GDC Electrolyte, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33 (2008) 3808-3817.
[38] F. H. Wang, R. S. Guo, Q. T. Wei, Y. Zhou, H. L. Li, S. L. Li, Preparation and Properties of Ni/YSZ Anode by Coating Precipitation Method, Materials Letters 58 (2004) pp. 3079 – 3083.
[39] T. Abe, K. Murata, T. Fukui, W.-J. Moon, K. Kaneko, M. Naito, Microstructural Control of Ni-YSZ Cermet Anode for Planer Thin-Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, thin Solid Films, 496 (2006) pp. 49-52 H.
[40] S. Tao, J. T. S. Irvine, A Redox-Stable, Efficient Anode for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells, Nature Materials, 2 (2003), pp. 320-323.
[41] V. S. Reddy Channu, Rudolf Holze, Edwin H. Walker Jr., Rajamohan R. Kalluru, Synthesis and Characterization of La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-δ Nanoparticles Using a Combustion Method for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, New Journal of Glass and Ceramics, 1 (2011), pp. 58-62.
[42] Chao Jin, Zhibin Yang, Honghe Zheng, Chenghao Yang, La0.6Sr1.4MnO4 Layered Perovskite Anode Material for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fanglin Chen Electrochemistry Communications 14 (2012) pp. 75–77.
[43] H. Hong, Tim P. Holmea and Fritz B. Prinz, ECS Transactions, 3 (2007), 32, pp. 31-40.
[44] Z. H. Wang, C. Xu, Z. L. Lou, J. S. Qiao, B. Y. Ren, K. Sun, Oxygen Reduction Characteristics on Ag, Pt, and Ag-Pt Alloys in Low Temperature SOFCs, International journal of hydrogen energy 38 (2013), pp. 1074-1081.
[45] C. C. Yu, J. D. Baek, C. H. Su, L. D. Fan, J. Wei, Y. C. Liao, and P. C. Su, Inkjet-Printed Porous Silver Thin Film as a Cathode for a Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(2016), pp. 10343−10349.
[46] H. S. Kang, Y. M. Jung, R. H. Song, D. H. Peck, C. M. Park, and B. C. Lee, Fabrication and Characterization of Composite LSCF-Ag Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells using Electron Beam Irradiation Process, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 35(2014), 10, pp. 2969.
[47] H. Yokokawa and T. Horita, High Temperature and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Chapter 5 - Cathodes, Elsevier Science: Amsterdam (2003).
[48] N. Q. Minh and T. Takahashi, Science and Technology of Ceramic Fuel Cells, Chapter 5 - Cathode, Elsevier Science Ltd: Oxford (1995).
[49] A.J. Darbandi, T. Enz, and H. Hahn, Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticulate Films for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Solid State Ionics, 180 (2009), pp. 424-430.
[50] S. P. Jiang, A Comparison of O2 Reduction Reactions on Porous (La,Sr)MnO3 and (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3 Electrodes, Solid State Ionics, 146 (2002), pp. 1-22.
[51] K. Dumaisnil, D. Fasquelle, M. Mascot, A. Rolle, P. Roussel, S. Minaud, B. Duponchel, R.-N. Vannier, J.-C. Carru, Thin Solid Films in European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) Spring Meeting 2013 Symposium O: Synthesis, processing and characterization of nanoscale multi-functional oxide films IV, 553 (2014), pp. 89-92.
[52] Y. Leng, S. H. Chan, Q. L. Liu, Development of LSCF–GDC Composite Cathodes for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Thin Film GDC Electrolyte, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33 (2008) pp. 3808-3817.
[53] T. J. Huang, X.D. Shen, and C.L. Chou, Characterization of Cu, Ag and Pt Added La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ and Gadolinia-Doped Ceria as solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes by Temperature-Programmed Techniques, J. Power Sources 187 (2009), pp. 348–355.
[54] T. J. Huang, C.L. Chou, Oxygen Dissociation and Interfacial Transfer Rate on Performance of SOFCs with Metal-Added (LaSr)(CoFe)O3-(Ce,Gd)O2–δ Cathodes Fuel Cells 10 (2010), pp. 718–725.
[55] S. F. Wang, C. T. Yeh, Y. R. Wang, Y.F. Hsu, Effects of (LaSr)(CoFeCu)O3−δ Cathodes on The Characteristics of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Power Sources 201 (2012), pp. 18–25.
[56] K. Sasaki, J. Tamura, H. Hosoda, T.N. Lan, K. Yasumoto, M. Dokiya, Pt–perovskite Cermet Cathode for Reduced-Temperature SOFCs, Solid State Ionics 148 (2002) 551– 555.
[57] V.A.C. Haanappel, D. Rutenbeck, A. Mai, S. Uhlenbruck, D. Sebold, H. Wesemeyer, B. Rowekemp, C. Tropartz, F. Tietz, The Influence of Noble Metal Containing Cathodes on The Electrochemical Performance of Anode-supported SofCs, Journal of Power Sources, 130 (2004), pp. 119-128.
[58] S. M. Shin, B. Y. Yoon, J. H. Kim, J. M. Bae, Performance Improvement by Metal Deposition at The Cathode Active Site in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013), pp. 8954–8964.
[59] T. Z. Sholklappera, V. Radmilovicb, C. P. Jacobsona, S. J. Viscoa, L. C. D. Jonghe, Nanocomposite Ag–LSM solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes, Journal of Power Sources 175 (2008), pp. 206–210.
[60] M. Mosiałeka, E. Bielańskaa, R. P. Sochaa, M. Dudekc, G. Mordarskia, P. Nowaka, J. Barbasza, A. R. Kmita, Changes in the Morphology and the Composition of the Ag|YSZ and Ag|LSM Interfaces Caused by Polarization, Solid State Ionics 225 (2012), pp. 755–759.
[61] S. Wang, T. Katob, S. Nagatab, T. Hondab, T. Kanekob, N. Iwashitab, M. Dokiya, Performance of a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3–Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9–Ag Cathode for Ceria Electrolyte SOFCs, Solid State Ionics 146 (2002), 3–4, pp. 203–210.
[62] S. Bebelis, S. Neophytides, AC impedance study of Ni–YSZ Cermet Anodes in Methane-fuelled Internal Reforming YSZ Fuel Cells, Solid State Ionics 152–153 (2002), pp. 477–484.
[63] Y. Sakito, A. Hirano, N. Imanishi, Y. Takeda, O. Yamamoto, Y. Liu, Silver Infiltrated La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 Cathodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Journal of Power Sources, 182 (2008), pp. 476-481.
[64] S. H. Jun, Y.R. Uhm, R. H. Song, C. K. Rhee, Synthesis and Properties of Ag Nanoparticles Attached La0.6Sr0.4Co0.3Fe0.7O3-δ, Curr. Appl. Phys. 11 (2011), pp. S305–S308.
[65] J. Zhang, L. P. Li, X. S. Huang, and G. S. Li, Morphology Control, Growth Mechanism, and Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Mesoporous CeO2 Microparticles, J. Mater. Chem., 22 (2012), pp. 10480.
[66] F. L. Liang, W. Zhou, Z. H. Zhu, A Highly Stable and Active Hybrid Cathode for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, ChemElectroChem 1 (2014), pp. 1627 – 1631.
[67] K. C. Neoh, G. D. Han, M. J. Kim, J. W. Kim, H. J. Choi, S. W. Park and J. H. Shim, Nanoporous Silver Cathode Surface Treated by Atomic Layer Deposition of CeOx for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Nanotechnology, 27 (2016), pp. 185403.
[68] P. Dattaa, P. Majewskib, F. Aldinger, Synthesis and Characterization of Gadolinia-Doped Ceria–silver Cermet Cathode Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Materials Chemistry and Physics, 107 (2008), pp. 370–376.
[69] C. Zhang, X. X. Meng, J. K. Sunarso, L. H. Liu, R. Xu, Z. P. Shaoa and S. M. Liu, Oxygen Permeation Behavior through Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ Membranes Electronically Shortcircuited by Dual-Phase Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ–Ag Decoration, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3 (2015), pp. 19033-19041.
[70] Y. J Leng, S. H Chan, S. P Jiang, K. A Khor, Low-temperature SOFC with Thin Film GDC Electrolyte Prepared in situ by Solid State Reaction, Solid State Ionics, 170 (2004), pp. 9-15.
[71] 王世敏，許祖勛，傅晶編著，陳憲偉校訂,“奈米材料原理與製備”，五南書局(民93年)。
[72] N. M. S. Masashi Mori, G. A. Tompsett, Fabrication Processing Condition for Dense Sintered La0.6AE0.4MnO3 Perovskites Synthesized by the Coprecipitation Method, Journal of Power Sources, 86 (2000), pp. 395–400.
[73] Z. F. Zi, Y. P. Suna, X. B. Zhua, C.Y. Haoa, X. Luoa, Z. R. Yanga, J. M. Dai, W. H. Song, Electrical Transport and Magnetic Properties in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and SrFe12O19 Composite System, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 477 (2009), pp. 414–419.
[74] R. Chiba, F. Yoshimura, Y. Sakurai, Y. Tabata, and M. Arakawa, A study of Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature SOFCs Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method, Solid State Ionics, 175 (2004) pp. 23 – 27.
[75] C. C. Yu, J. D. Baek, C. H. Su, L. D. Fan, J. Wei, Y. C. Liao, and P. C. Su, Inkjet-Printed Porous Silver Thin Film as a Cathode for a Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8 (2016), pp. 10343−10349.
[76] A. Ansar, D. Soysal, G. Schiller, Nanostructured Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, German Aerospace Center (DLR), (2009).
[77] O. Marchand, P. Bertrand, J. Mougin, C. Comminges, M. P. Planche, G. Bertrand, Characterization of Suspension Plasma-Sprayed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes Surface and Coatings T echnology, 205 (2010), pp. 993-998.
[78] C.J. Li, X.J. Ning, C.X. Li, Effect of Densification Processes on the Properties of Plasma-sprayed YSZ Electrolyte Coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Surface and Coatings Technology, 190 (2005) pp. 60–64.
[79] C. X. Li, Y. X. Xie, C. J. Li, G. J. Yang, Characterization of Atmospheric Plasma-Sprayed La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 Electrolyte, J. Power Source, 184 (2008) pp. 370–374.
[80] C. H. Tsai, C. S. Hwang, C. L. Chang, J. F. Yu, S.H. Nien, Post-heat Treatment Pressure Effect on Performances of Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying, J. Power Source, 197 (2012) pp. 145–153.
[81] L. Soukup, M. Cada, Investigation of the Atmospheric RF Torch-Barrier Plasma Jet for Deposition of CeOx Thin Films, Surface and Coatings Technology, 169–170 (2003) 571–574.
[82] X.M. Wang, C.X. Li, C.J. Li, G.J. Yang, Microstructure and Polarization of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Cathode Deposited by Alcohol Solution Precursor Plasma Spraying, International Journal of hydrogen energy, 37 (2012) 12879–12885.
[83] Y. M. Su, Y. L. Kuo, C. M. Lin, S. F. Lee, One-step Fabrication of Tetragonal ZrO2 Particles by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet, Powder Technology, 267 (2014) 74-79.
[84] Y. S. Lin, S. S. Wu, T. H. Tsai, High-Rate Deposition of Electrochromic Organotungsten Oxide Thin Films for Flexible Electrochromic Devices by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet: The Effect of Substrate Distance, Plasma Processes and Polymers, 8 (2011), pp. 728-739.
[85] Vanherle, J. McEvoy, A. J., Oxygen Diffusion Through Silver Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1994, 55, 339−347.
[86] J. H. Wang, M. L. Liu, M. C. Lin, Oxygen Reduction Reactions in the SOFC Cathode of Ag/CeO2. Solid State Ionics 2006, 177, 939− 947.