臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

選擇性模仿是指嬰兒在不同情境中選擇性地模仿他人的行為，為當今發展心理學備受矚目的議題。在Gergely、Bekkering與Király（2002）著名的研究中，當實驗者的雙手自由放在桌上，示範以額頭碰盒子開燈，嬰兒偏好模仿此新奇動作；但當實驗者雙手緊抓毛毯示範相同的動作則未發現嬰兒有顯著的模仿偏好。有些研究者認嬰兒可以透過目的推理理解他人的意圖，並認為模仿是建立在對意圖的解讀之上；相反地，動作－效果整合理論則認為動作本身的執行困難度與動作－效果連結的穩定性才是影響嬰兒選擇性模仿的主因。
為了解決兩者長久以來對於嬰兒模仿的爭議，本研究修訂Gergely等人（2002）的光盒研究派典，將焦點放在過去一直未受到重視的因果效能概念，降低示範動作的因果效能，嬰兒在實驗過程中會發現示範動作不是每次都能成功讓光盒發亮，藉此釐清目的推理論與動作－效果整合理論對嬰兒選擇性模仿的解釋適當性。實驗1的結果重製了Gergely等人（2002）的實驗結果，實驗2A與實驗2B皆發現18個月大的嬰兒在因果效能較低的情境中很少會模仿示範動作，顯示嬰兒的模仿行為較符合動作－效果整合理論的觀點，主要是受到動作執行的困難度與動作－效果聯結的穩定性的影響。

Selective imitation refers to a phenomenon which infants differentially imitate the demonstrated action in different contexts. Recently, it has also become a popular research topic in developmental psychology. Gergely, Bekkering and Király (2002) uncovered a classic example of selective imitation. They found that infants tend to imitate the action of touching a light box with their forehead when they saw a model perform the action with her hands placed on the table, but not when her hands were restricted by a blanket. Some researchers claim that infants can interpret others’ intention through teleological reasoning, and they consider infants’ imitation is based on decoding of intentionality. Conversely, ideomotor theory argues that imitation depends on difficulty of the action execution and the stability of link between action and its effect. To address the long-standing dispute with infants’ imitation, we revised the paradigm in Gergely et al. (2002) and focused on the concept of causal efficacy which had been long ignored in the past. Infant would find that the demonstrated action, sometimes won’t turn on the light during the experimentation. In experiment 1, we replicated the results obtained in Gergely et al. (2002). Experiment 2A and 2B both found that 18-month-old infants rarely imitated the demonstrated action when the causal efficacy was relatively low. These results are closer to the ideomotor approach viewpoint of imitation, and it reveals that infants’ imitation depends on difficulty of the action execution and the stability of link between action and effect.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節、 研究動機 1
第二節、 研究目的 3

第二章 文獻回顧 5
第一節、 意圖解讀與模仿 5
第二節、 動作－效果整合與模仿 11
第三節、 兩理論取向的比較 17
第四節、 因果效能對模仿的調節影響 20
第五節、 研究問題與假設 27

第三章 實驗1 嬰兒的選擇性模仿：動作的因果必然性 29
第一節、 研究目的 29
第二節、 研究對象 29
第三節、 研究材料 31
第四節、 研究程序 32
第五節、 計分與統計分析 36
第六節、 研究結果 38
第七節、 討論 40

第四章 實驗2A 嬰兒的選擇性模仿：動作的因果或然性 41
第一節、 研究目的 41
第二節、 研究對象 41
第三節、 研究材料 42
第四節、 研究設計 42
第五節、 研究程序 43
第六節、 計分與統計分析 45
第七節、 研究結果 45
第八節、 討論 49

第五章 實驗2B嬰兒的選擇性模仿：因果必然性或動作可靠性？ 51
第一節、 研究目的 51
第二節、 研究對象 52
第三節、 研究材料 52
第四節、 研究程序 53
第五節、 計分與統計分析 54
第六節、 研究結果 55
第七節、 討論 56

第六章 綜合討論 57
第一節、 因果效能與動作－效果整合 58
第二節、 因果效能與動作可靠性 59
第三節、 其他可能的解釋 61
第四節、 本研究的限制與未來方向 66
第五節、 結論 67
參考文獻 68

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