臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

雖然第一篇有關鐵磁共振（Ferroresonance，簡稱FR）的文獻早在1920年即被發表，但是此一特殊的現象至今仍然未被完全了解，本論文將討論電力系統中之氣封絕緣開關設備（Gas Insulated Switchgear，簡稱GIS），由於斷路器的極間電容和電感型比壓器（Potential Transformer，簡稱PT）的非線性電感所構成的單相鐵磁共振；理論上，鐵磁共振是由電容和非線性電感所構成的非線性串聯共振，造成電壓和電流波形明顯的畸變。鐵磁共振的振盪模式可分為基波模式、次諧波模式、類週期模式、及混沌模式，鐵磁共振產生之過電壓與過電流可能導致高壓設備和PT因絕緣與過熱等問題而損壞；雖然電感型比壓器在某些GIS架構中有發生鐵磁共振的風險，但是因為電感型比壓器在長期使用下，不論可靠性、精確度與電壓轉換比等特性都優於電容分壓型比壓器，因此電感型比壓器比電容分壓型比壓器更廣泛被使用在GIS設備上，為此，本論文結合相關文獻之理論基礎及GIS、PT專業廠家的經驗與技術，對GIS各種可能的架構進行完整之檢視，討論各個參數對鐵磁共振行為的影響，並介紹相關的分析流程與方法，提出避免鐵磁共振發生之方法和有效之抑制措施，本論文並對一個161kV GIS發生鐵磁共振之實際案例進行探討，先建立詳細的系統參數模型，再透過電磁暫態解析程式（ElectroMagnetic Transients Program）EMTP/ATPDraw模擬，最後將電腦程式模擬的結果與現場試驗的量測結果進行比較分析，以確認分析流程與方法的正確性與實用性，提供電力工程師們在規劃和設計時之參考。

Although the first thesis on Ferroresonance（FR） was published in 1920, FR is still not a fully understood phenomenon. This thesis focuses on single phase FR in Gas Insulated Switchgear（GIS）with inductive potential transformers（PT）, fed by the circuit breaker grading capacitance. In principle, FR is a forced oscillation in a non-linear series resonance circuit including a capacitance and non-linear inductance, which shows significantly distorted voltage and current waveforms. The complex non-linear behaviour of the saturable inductance can cause fundamental FR, subharmonic FR, quasi-periodic and even chaotic oscillations. FR can result in high overvoltage and high overcurrent, which can finally damage the high voltage equipments or PTs due to dielectric and thermal problems. Even if there is the risk of ferroresonance for specific GIS configurations, inductive PTs are used rather than capacitive ones because of their reliability, higher accuracy and stable transformation ratio during the entire lifetime. However, combine the theory, GIS and PT maker,s experiences, this thesis provides an overview of network configurations, parameters influencing the FR behaviour and a number of methods to avoid or suppress FR are discussed. This thesis also presents a ferroresonant experience involving inductive PT in a 161kV substation. A very comprehensive analysis is performed by detailed modelling using time domain simulation with a digital computer transient analysis program such as the EMTP/ATPDraw and compares them with field test and measurements.

目 錄

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 本論文之貢獻 2
1.4 論文內容概述 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 GIS與比壓器簡介 4
2.1.1 GIS簡介 4
2.1.2 比壓器簡介 5
2.2 鐵磁共振與線性共振簡介 6
2.2.1 鐵磁共振發生之條件 9
2.2.2 鐵磁共振之徵兆 9
2.2.3 鐵磁共振之特性分析 10
2.2.3.1 初值狀態對鐵磁共振之影響 11
2.2.4 鐵磁共振之振盪模式 12
2.2.5 電力系統之工作點 16
2.2.6電力系統中常見發生非線性共振之架構 19
2.3 目前常見的分析工具 21
2.4 預防或抑制鐵磁共振發生的方法 22
第三章 161kV GIS用PT鐵磁共振之分析與抑制 23
3.1 研究範圍 23
3.2 161kV PT發生鐵磁共振之架構 23
3.2.1 系統架構一 23
3.2.2 系統架構二 27
3.2.3 系統架構三 30
3.2.4 系統架構四 33
3.3目前常見的改善抑制方法 34
3.3.1 在PT二次側增加阻尼電阻 34
3.3.2 在PT二次側增加阻尼電抗器 36
3.3.3 在PT二次側增加阻尼電阻與阻尼電抗器 39
3.3.4 在PT二次側增加鐵磁共振抑制設備之切換開關電路 42
3.3.5 變更PT安裝之位置 42
3.3.6 以電氣連鎖或限制操作程序的方式避開可能發生鐵磁共
振之回路 42
3.4 GIS用PT鐵磁共振分析流程 42
第四章 個案研究 44
4.1 案例背景說明 44
4.1.1 系統單線圖 44
4.1.2 事故經過 46
4.1.3 MOF PT解剖與受損情況 47
4.1.4 可能原因分析 50
4.2 EMTP/ATPDraw模擬分析與改善對策 53
4.2.1 化簡系統架構建立系統參數 53
4.2.2 EMTP/ATPDraw解析 61
4.2.3 改善對策 122
4.3 現場試驗與量測 122
4.3.1 現場試驗單線圖與MOF PT結線圖 122
4.3.2 試驗操作程序 125
4.3.3 試驗量測回路 125
4.3.4 試驗程序與作業時間 128
4.3.5 量測結果 129
4.4 效果評估 142
4.5 討論與分析 143
第五章 結論與建議 148
5.1 結論與建議 148
5.2 未來研究方向 149
參考文獻 151

參考文獻

[1] 161kV SF6 氣體絕緣開關設備型錄REF.NO.：PED-CAGIS15，中興電工，林口，2006。
[2] T. Oyabu, A. Nakahashi, “Application of the Gas Insulated Voltage
Transformer,” 日新電機技報Vol. 30, No. 4（’85.11），日本東京，1985。
[3] Boucherot, “Existence de deux r’egimes en ferroresonance,” Rev.Gen.de L’Elec, Vol. 8, No. 24, Dec.1920, pp. 827-828.
[4] Ph. Ferracci, “Ferroresonance,” Group Schneider Cahier technique n0 190, March 1998, http://www.schneider-electric.com.
[5] Marta Val Escudero, Ivan Dudurych, Miles Redfem, “Understanding
ferroresonance,” Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC 2004. 39th International , Vol. 3, 6-8 Sept. 2004, pp. 1262 – 1266, Vol. 2.
[6] 寧家慶，電力系統非線性共振之研究，博士論文，國立中山大學電機系，高雄，2005。
[7] B. Peter Daay, “Ferroresonance destroys transformers,” Southeastcon ''91, IEEE
Proceedings of 7-10 April 1991, Vol.1, pp.568–578.
[8] S.M. Miri, A. Keyhani, “Solution to the ferroresonance jump problem in
three-phase power conditioning systems,” Industrial and commercial Power
Systems Technical Conference, 1989, Conference Record, May 1989, pp.87-92.
[9] S. Mozaffari, M. Sameti, A.C. Soudack, “Effect of initial conditions on
chaotic ferroresonance in power transformers,” Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings, Vol.144, Issue 5, Sep. 1997, pp. 456–460.
[10] M. Sanaye-Pasand, H. Mohseni, Sh. Farhangi, A. Rezaei-Zare, and R. Iravani,
“Effects of initial conditions on ferroresonance in power transformers using
Preisach theory,” Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC
2004. 39th International, Vol. 2, 6-8 Sept. 2004 , pp. 845 - 850.
[11] S.R. Naidu and B.A. Souza, “Analysis of ferroresonance circuit in the time and
frequency domains,” IEEE Trans. on Magnetic, Vol. 33, No. 5, July 1997, pp.
3340–3342.

[12] 曹建福、韓崇昭、方洋旺，非線性系統理論及應用，西安：西安交通大學出版社，2001。
[13] T. Van Craenenbroeck, W. Michiels, D. Van Dommelen, K. Lust, “Bifurcation
analysis of three-phase ferroresonant oscillations in ungrounded power systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, April 1999, pp. 531–536.
[14] P.S. Bodger, G.D. Irwin, D.A. Woodford, and A.M. Gole, “Bifurcation route to
chaos for a ferroresonant circuit using an electromagnetic transients program,”
IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 143, No. 3, May 1996, pp. 238–242.
[15] Frank Wornle, David K. Harrison, and Chengke Zhou, “Analysis of a
ferroresonant circuit using bifurcation theory and continuation techniques ,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2005, pp. 191–196.
[16] 韓茂安、顧經士，非線性系統的理論和方法，北京：科學出版社，2001。
[17] Ralph H. Hopkinson, “Ferroresonance overvoltage control based on TNA tests
on three-phase delta-wye transformer banks,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. Pas-86, No.10, Oct. 1967, pp. 1258–1263.
[18] X.S. Chen, Paul Neudorfer, and Simon Cheng, “Simulation of ferroresonance in low-loss grounded wye-wye transformers using a new multi-legged transformer model in EMTP,” IEE 2nd International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and management, Dec. 1993, HK, pp. 718–724.
[19] ATPDraw Windows version 4.0p2, Copyright c 1998-2003, SINTEF Energy
Research, Norway.
[20] Zhu Xukai, Yang Yihan, Lian Hongbo, Tan Weipu, “Study on ferroresonance due to electromagnetic PT in ungrounded neutral system”, 2004 International
Conference on Power System Technology-POWERCON 2004, Singapore, 21-24
Nov. 2004, pp. 924-928.
[21] M. Sanaye-Pasand, H. Mohseni, Sh. Farhangi, A. Rezaei-Zare, and R. Iravani,
“Effects of grading capacitors of CBs on inception ferroresonance in power
transformers,” Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC 2004.
39th International, Vol. 2, 6-8 Sept. 2004, pp. 860 - 868.
[22] Z. Emi, B.A.T. Al Zahawi, Y.K. Tong, “Voltage trnsformer ferroresonance in
275KV substation,” High Voltage Engineering Symposium, 22-27 August 1999,
Conference Publication No.467, IEE, 1999.
[23] R.G. Andrei, B.R. Halley, “Voltage trnsformer ferroresonance from an energy
transfer standpoint,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1989,
pp. 1773-1778.
[24] Yunge Li, Wei Shi, and Furong Li, “Novel analytical solution to fundmental
ferroresonance-PartΙ：power frequency excitation characteristic,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2006.
[25] Yunge Li, Wei Shi, and Furong Li, “Novel analytical solution to fundmental
ferroresonance-PartⅡ：criterion and elimination ,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol. 21, No.2, April 2006.
[26] Zia Emin, Yu Kwong Tong, “Ferroresonance experience in UK：simulations and
measurements,” Procs. Of the 4-th International Conference on Power System
Transients, Rio de Janeiro, 24-28 June 2001.
[27] D.A.N. Jacobson, D.R. Swatek, R.W. Mazur, “Mitigating potential transformer
ferroresonance in a 230 KV converter station, ” Transmission and Distribution
Conference, 1996. Proceedings, 1996 IEEE, 15-20 Sept. 1996, pp. 269 – 275.
[28] D. Shein, S. Zissu, “Domains of ferroresonance occurrence in voltage
transformers with or without damping reactors, ” Electrical and Electronics
Engineers in Israel, 1995, Eighteenth Convention of 7-8 March 1995, pp.
1.5.2/1 - 1.5.2/5.
[29] A. Ben-Tal, D. Shein, “Domains of ferroresonance occurrence by bifurcation
diagrams, ” Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, 1996, Nineteenth
Convention of 5-6 Nov. 1996, pp. 87 – 90.
[30] Yunge Li, Wei Shi, Rui Qin, and Jilin Yang, “A systematical method for
suppressing ferroresonance at neutral-grounded substations,” IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, July 2003, pp.1009–1014.
[31] M. Sanaye-Pasand, A. Rezaei-Zare, H. Mohseni, Sh. Farhangi, and R. Iravani,
“Comparison of performance of various ferroresonance suppressing methods in inductive and capacitive voltage transformer,” IEEE, 2006.
[32] 張右龍，比壓器鐵磁共振之研究，碩士論文，私立逢甲大學資訊電機工程碩
士在職專班，台中，2006。
[33] Gao Qiang, Lai Tianyu, Lai Qingbo, “Study on features of ferromagnetic
resonance of 110kV substation and it’s elimination method,” CIRED 97, 2-5
June 1997, Conference Publication No. 438, IEE, 1997.
[34] John Horak, “A review of ferroresonance ,” Protective Relay Engineers, 2004
57th Annual Conference for 30 Mar. – 1 Apr. 2004, pp. 1–29.