臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本篇研究中使用了跨時與料庫來調查古漢語「為…所」被動式中的負面語意變化。在現代漢語的被字句中，負面語意的要求向來都是一個約定成俗的淺規則；然而許多以跨時語料庫為研究對象的研究 (見 Peyraube 1989, Xiao, McEnery,and Qian 2006, Yang 2006 and Kou 2010 等) 都顯示被字句的負面語意的要求不僅不再是絕對的要求，而且被字句中的負面語意也有下降的趨勢。對於這種現象的解釋目前分成兩派，一是語言接觸(見 Wang 1957, Chao 1968, Li and Thompson 1981, Hashimoto 1988)，另一派則是支持被字句本身的語法化 (見 Peyraube 2000, Tien 2000, Xing 2003, Yang 2006) 。
因為現代漢語跟古漢語的關係是非常相近的，在古漢語中，被動式有許多種結構及用法，研究者把古漢語中的負面語意限定於「為…所」的被動式，以此當作本研究的檢驗對象。在本研究中，研究者從中研院的漢典語料庫二十四史進行檢驗，再從每本史書挑出「為…所」被動式的前 100 筆當作此篇研究資料的檢驗筆數。只有史書本文的資料才會被選入檢驗對象中，後人對於該史書的註解則不納入本研究的語料之中。目前的前導研究結果顯示「為…所」被動式的負面語意最高可以達到 90%，但也有史書的「為…所」被動式的負面語意只佔了 50%。除此之外，「為…所」被動式的負面語意並沒有隨著時間增加或減少，而是不規則的浮動。此研究結果不僅不支持先前所提出的語法化理論，而且似乎也不支持語言接觸理論。日後研究可針對中文被動式的負面語意的變化找出更適合的解釋及理論。

This study used diachronic corpora analysis to investigate the development of adverse reading of the wei…suo passive of archaic Chinese. Adverse reading is quite noticeable in the bei passive of modern Chinese. However, since much diachronic corpora-based research (see Peyraube 1989, Xiao, McEnery, and Qian 2006, Yang
2006 and Kou 2010) has shown that, since the application of adverse reading for the bei passive has already declined, adverse reading is not considered a necessary
condition of the bei passive. Two proposed explanations are proposed to explain this
phenomenon of declination in adverse reading of the bei passive. The first explanation
proposes that the observed decline is a result of language contact (see Wang 1957,
Chao 1968, Li and Thompson 1981, Hashimoto 1988), while the second proposes that
the declination of adverse reading results from internal grammaticalization of bei
passive structures (see Peyraube 2000, Tien 2000, Xing 2003, Yang 2006).
Due to the close relationship between modern Chinese and archaic Chinese, one
type of archaic passive, the wei…suo passive structure, was evaluated in this study. In
this study, the 24 books of the Er Shi Si Shi from the HanDian corpus were selected
for examination. The first 100 sentences of each corpus were selected as entries for
analysis and only main text sentences from the Er Shi Si Shi were searched, with
footnotes excluded. The results demonstrated that adverse reading of the wei…suo
passive construction reached a high of 90% and a low of only 50%. In addition, no
steady increase or decline of the adverse reading was found over time. Moreover,
adverse reading fluctuated irregularly among corpora. Therefore, the findings from
this study support neither proposed explanation, since grammaticalization should lead
to a gradual declination and language contact should result in a dramatic and
permanent declination in adverse reading for passive structures. Further investigation
into adverse reading of archaic Chinese passive constructions is suggested for futureresearch as a possible means for developing feasible explanations for the declination of adverse reading and contributing to the literature in this area.

Abstract ............................. i
Chinese Abstract ..................... iii
Acknolwedgements ...................... iv
Table of Contents ..................... v
List of Tables ......................... vii
List of Figures ......................... viii
Chapter One Introduction.................. 1
1.1 Background of the study ............... 2
1.2 The pilot study ....................... 4
1.3 Organization of this thesis ............ 5
Chapter Two Literature Review ...............6
2.1 The definition of adverse reading ........ 6
2.2 A brief history of Chinese passive constructions ...9
2.2.1 Passive constructions in archaic Chinese ......... 9
2.2.2 The wei construction and wei…suo passive structure ..................... 11
2.3. Adverse reading in previous corpus investigation research ....................... 16
2.3.1 Grammaticalization ...................... 20
2.3.2 Language contact ........................ 24
2.4 Summary ................................... 26
2.5 Research questions ........................ 27
Chapter Three Methodology ..................... 28
3.1 Overview and organization ................. 28
3.2 Data collection ........................... 28
3.2.1 HanDian Corpus and Er Shi Si Shi......... 28
3.2.2 Data collection procedures ...............31
3.3 Data analysis ............................. 35
3.4 Summary ................................... 37
Chapter Four Results and Discussion ............38
4.1 Overview and organization ................. 38
4.2 Adverse reading in Er Shi Si Shi........... 38
4.3 Discussion ................................ 48
Chapter Five Conclusions and Limitations .......51
References .....................................53
Appendix 1 .................................... 60
Appendix 2 .................................... 111

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