臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國內淨水場處理程序中，混凝加藥過程仍多使用聚氯化鋁(PACl)混凝劑進行加藥，但原水濁度變動性高，使用聚氯化鋁處理高pH且低濁原水卻存在水中殘餘鋁超過飲用水標準限值問題，故許多淨水場已改用氯化鐵(FeCl3)或聚氯化鋁搭配氯化鐵混凝劑加藥，以降低水中殘餘鋁量合乎飲用水水質標準。本研究目的在於探討聚氯化鐵與聚氯化鋁單獨或共同加藥模式能否有效降低水中殘餘溶解鋁及對天然濁水進行有效除濁，比較不同聚氯化鋁與聚氯化鐵混凝劑在不同加藥比例下對天然濁水濁度去除率與殘餘鋁濃度。本研究使用不同商用聚氯化鋁混凝劑與氯化鐵混凝劑，調整兩者之加藥比例，以瓶杯試驗評估不同混凝加藥比例對不同濁度之天然原水除濁及降低水中殘餘溶解鋁之效能，並透過膠羽影像分析(FlocCAM)進行各種加藥模式之慢混膠羽粒徑監測，以探討混沉除濁效能及分析水中殘餘溶解鋁量。
研究結果顯示，原水鹼度範圍(40~66 mg/L as CaCO3)時，低濁原水( <5 NTU)採用PACl及FeCl3雙加藥模式對濁度去除效果較單獨加藥模式佳，單獨加入FeCl3 對濁度去除效果差，聚氯化鋁及氯化鐵共同加藥模式採1:1加藥量添加所生成之膠羽粒徑最大，雖無法大幅提升混沉濁度效能，但可有效降低水中殘餘鋁濃度，可符合飲用水水質標準。當原水濁度為20或80 NTU時，PACl搭配FeCl3雙加藥方式無法增加混沉除濁效能，其中含高單體鋁之PACl-W有較佳除濁成效，沒有殘餘鋁超標之問題。

In drinking water treatment process, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulant is commonly used for coagulation dosing process. However, the turbidity of raw water is highly varied with time. Sometimes, low turbidity-containing raw water was treated with iron-based coagulants or dual dosing with PACl and FeCl3 coagulants to allow the residual aluminum in finished water comply with drinking water quality standards. The purpose of this study is to investigate FeCl3 and PACl alone add into raw water or combination, which type can be effectively reduce residual dissolved aluminum in water and effectively remove turbidity from natural turbid water. The turbidity removal rate and residual aluminum concentration of the natural turbid water at different dosing ratios.
Different commercial polyaluminum chloride coagulants and ferric chloride coagulants were used to adjust the dosing ratio of 1:0, 0:1, 1:1,and 1:2, which was evaluated by the jar test. The effect of coagulant dosing ratio on the removal of turbidity for natural raw water with different turbidity and the reduction of residual dissolved aluminum in water were evaluated, and the floc size at various dosing modes was analyzed by real-time floc image technology (FlocCAM) to explore coagulation performance for turbidity reduction and residual Al minimization.
The results show that raw water with alkalinity range (40~66 mg/L as CaCO3) for different natural turbidity water. For low turbidity watert (<5 NTU), the turbidity reduction by mixed PACl and FeCl3 dosing is superior to single dosing by itself. At such a condition, dual dosing make the biggest floc formation. However, the addition of FeCl3 alone has little reduction effect on residual turbidity of superntant at low turbidity. Although dual dosing at a given dosing ratio (Al: Fe = 1:1) could not enhance turbidity reduction substaintially, but it can improve the reduciton in residual Al in water to comply with drinking water standard. On the other hand, at higher turbidity (20 or 80 NTU) dual dosing can not greatly improve turbidity reduction, but PACl-W containing high monomeric Al content has better effect on turbidity reduciton and the corresponding residual Al comply with drinking water standard.

目錄
摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 淨水場清水鋁問題來源 3
2.2 淨水處理混凝劑種類及特性 5
2.2.1 鋁系混凝劑 5
2.2.2 鐵系混凝劑 5
2.2.3 鐵鋁系混凝劑雙重加藥 6
2.3、 改善淨水場清水殘餘鋁問題之策略 9
2.3.1 pH調整 9
2.3.2 混凝劑劑量調整 9
2.3.3 快混強度調整 10
2.3.4 過濾效能提升 10
2.3.5 改用鐵鹽混凝劑 10
2.3.6 雙重加藥 10
第三章 研究方法及步驟 12
3.1 研究架構 12
3.2 研究方法 14
3.2.1 原水水質特性分析 14
3.2.2 混凝瓶杯試驗 14
3.2.3 濁度分析 15
3.2.4 殘餘鋁、鐵濃度分析 15
3.3 混凝劑配製及特性分析 16
3.3.1 混凝劑配製 16
3.3.2 鋁物種型態分析 18
3.4 混凝膠羽特性分析 21
第四章 結果與討論 23
4.1 石門淨水場清水殘餘鋁來源及影響因子 23
4.2 鐵、鋁混凝劑加藥模式對混沉效能影響 28
4.2.1 鐵、鋁混凝劑加藥模式對濁度影響 28
4.2.2 鐵、鋁混凝劑加藥模式對膠羽粒徑影響 31
4.2.3 鐵、鋁混凝劑加藥模式對殘餘鋁量之影響 36
第五章 結論與討論 42
5.1 結論 42
5.2 建議 43
參考文獻 44

圖目錄
圖2.1 水中鋁物種之型態轉化途徑 4
圖3.1 研究架構 13
圖3.2 瓶杯實驗FlocCAMTM 裝置 21
圖4.1 石門場原水濁度、pH及與殘餘鋁量之關係(a)原水濁度、(b)原水pH 24
圖4.2 石門場混凝劑量與清水殘餘鋁量之關係 25
圖4.3 石門場沉澱水、過濾水及清水之殘餘濁度與殘餘總鋁含量關係圖 25
圖4.4 不同原水濁度下PACl、FeCl3混凝劑劑量與混沉上澄液
殘餘濁度之關係(a) 5 NTU; (b)20 NTU (c) 80 NTU 30
圖4.5 不同原水濁度下PACl、FeCl3混凝劑劑量與膠羽粒徑生成之關係(a) 5 NTU; (b)20 NTU (c) 80 NTU 34
圖4.6 不同原水濁度下混凝劑劑量與混沉上澄液殘餘鋁含量之關係
(a) 5 NTU、(b) 20 NTU、80NTU 37
圖4.7 不同濁度下混凝劑劑量與混沉上澄液pH值之關係
(a) 5 NTU、(b) 20 NTU、80NTU: 39
圖4.8不同原水濁度下各混凝劑加藥模式之混沉上澄液殘餘溶解鐵含量變化 41
表目錄
表2.1、混凝加藥方式對混凝特性之影響 8
表2.2、淨水場清水殘餘鋁控制策略 11
表3.1、聚氯化鋁鋁型態分布 17
表4.1、石門水場單元出水水質 27
表4.2、PACl、FeCl3單加藥及共同加藥劑之混凝膠羽外觀及粒徑 35

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