臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以循環利用農業廢棄物、維護土壤生產力及開發替代化學製劑的害物防治技術，推廣兼顧環境和產業的永續農業模式為本論文之宗旨。
本試驗利用戴壟科技生產的大道寶粉生物炭及將葫蘆科和番茄莖葉殘株分別以350和550℃熱裂解而成生物炭，測定五者之物理化學性質，結果顯示其特性因材料和製作溫度而有差異，pH值介於8-10，當中350℃生物炭其孔隙度低，不利於保水且有疏水性，不適合添加於介質。將大道寶粉(B)、葫蘆科(C550)和番茄(T550)於550℃製成之生物炭以3、6或9% (w/w)添加至泥炭土中，6%的C550 (C5506)處理可顯著提高芹菜種子發芽率及芹菜苗葉面積和地上部鮮乾重。種植五週芹菜於T550之地上部乾重有抑制現象，其餘無顯著差異。以B、C550生物炭添加在混拌芹菜莖葉殘質的介質中，以6%的大道寶粉(B6)可以提高株高1.3倍、葉柄徑1.2倍及地上部鮮重1.4倍，表示生物炭於不良之栽培土壤環境較有應用價值。
大道寶粉生物炭於連作芹菜土壤施用後可以提高株高、葉柄徑、葉柄數和地上部鮮乾重，當中以6%的大道寶粉生物炭(CB6)相較於對照組可提高1.4倍的產量，改善了連作土對芹菜生長之抑制。生物炭之添加亦促進了連作芹菜的抗氧化力，CB6處理之過氧化氫酶活性為對照組的9倍，MDA含量降低至0.8倍。芹菜以不同比例沒食子酸和生物炭處理，沒食子酸處理下以添加3%的大道寶粉生物炭(GB3)處理之芹菜苗生長最佳，芹菜苗更有抵抗高濃度沒食子酸帶來的逆境的能力，甚至在5000 ppm沒食子酸濃度下GB3芹菜苗之株高、葉柄徑、地上部和地下部鮮乾重仍優於對照組。沒食子酸濃度處理下CAT、POD和APX等抗氧化酶活性在生物炭處理下顯著提高，MDA含量和EC值則不顯著，表示無論生物炭處理與否芹菜苗在沒食子酸處理下皆遭受到逆境，而生物炭對其生長之維持主要是透過對氧化逆境之抵抗。
將番茄和南瓜莖葉殘株分別以國立中興大學楊秋忠教授研發的快速堆肥技術製成堆肥，其pH值分別為5.01和6.49，總酚類化合物含量分別為3809.27及2938.26 ppm，以2或3公分覆蓋抑制芹菜種子發芽。覆蓋於芹菜苗周圍1、2或3公分可有效抑制雜草的生長，當中以3公分的南瓜雜草抑制率達95%為最佳。快速堆肥的覆蓋對芹菜生長有促進之作用，最佳處理為覆蓋南瓜3公分之芹菜株高和鮮重分別高達45.5公分和51.5公克。油菜以芹菜和青蔥間作及普通防蟲網和殺蟲劑處理之32目藥網進行害蟲和雜草調查，以黃色黏蟲紙捕獲之蟲口數及以害蟲啃食之葉片面積估算之葉片危害指數在間作及防蟲網處理皆顯著低於對照組，間作芹菜和青蔥之防蟲效果無顯著差異，32目普通網和32目藥網之防蟲效果亦不顯著但較間作佳，四種防治技術下雜草鮮重和乾重皆顯著低於對照組，顯示有降低雜草危害的效果。五種處理下油菜植株株高、莖徑、地上部鮮重和乾重以32目藥網最佳，32目普通網和次之，間作芹菜或青蔥對油菜植株生長無顯著影響。

The aim of this study was to promote the use of agricultural waste, maintain soil productivity, develop alternative technologies to pest-control chemicals,and advocate a sustainable agriculture modle that takes both the environment and industry into consideration.
In this study, biochar produced by Dazzeon Technology and biochar obtained by pyrolysis of stem and leaf residues of ground (Cucurbitaceae) or tomato plants at 350℃ and 550℃ were used. The physical and chemical properties of these biochar products were investigated, and the results indicated that their characteristics varied, and were mainly dependent on the production temperature. The pH values of the biochar were between 8 and 10. Biochar prepared at 350℃ had a low porosity, which was not conducive to water retention, and was hydrophobic; therefore, it was not suitable for addition to a growth medium. Dazzeon biochar (B), or biochar products made by pyrolysis of Cucurbitaceae (C550) or tomato plants (T550) at 550℃, were added to peat soil at 3, 6 or 9% (w/w), and the results showed that treatment with 6% C550 (C5506) significantly improved the germination rate of celery seeds, the leaf area of celery seedlings and the above-ground fresh dry weight. After planting for five weeks, only celery planted in growth medium with T550 showed a reduced above-ground dry weight, and there were no significant differences between the other treatments. When B and C550 biochar were added to the medium mixed with stem and leaf residue, the addition of 6% B biochar increased the plant height, petiole diameter and above-ground fresh weight by 1.3-, 1.2- and 1.4-fold, respectively, indicating that biochar application was of value for use in poorly-cultivated soil environment.
The application of B biochar in the soil of a continuously-monocropped celery system increased the plant height, petiole diameter, petiole number and above-ground fresh dry weight. Among the treatments, adding 6% B biochar (CB6) increased the crop yield by 1.4-fold that of the control, suggesting that biocharcan improved the inhibition effect of the soil due to continuous monocropping. The addition of biochar also promoted tha antioxidant capacity of continuously-moncropped celery. The catalase activity of celery grown in soil mixed with CB6 increased by 9-fold that of the control, and tha MDA content was reduced to 0.8-fold that of the control. The anti-oxidative effect of biochar was then studied using celery plants exposed to gallic acid to induce oxidative stress. GB3 treatment significantly reduced the inhibition effect on crop growth of the high concentration of gallic acid, even at 5000 ppm. GB6 treatment resulted in improved plant height, petiole diameter, above-ground and below-ground fresh dry weights as compared with the control. In the celery seedlings under gallic acid-induced stress, celery plants with biochar treatment had significantly higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, while no significant changes in the MDA content and EC value were observed. The results indicated that gallic acid induced oxidative stress in celery plants, and biochar reserved the inhibition effect on crop growth via increasing the anti-oxidative activity.
Compost materials made from leaf and stem residues of tomato or pumpkin plants by the rapid composting technology developed by Chiu-Chung Young, National Chung Hsing Universiy, were compared. The pH values of the tomato and pumpkin composts were 5.01 and 6.49, respectively. A covering of the compost to a height of 2 or 3 cm inhibited germination of celery seeds, while a compost covering of 1, 2, or 3 cm in height around celery seedlings was found to effectively inhibit weed growth, among which a 3-cm-high pumpkin compost covering had the highest weed inhibition rate of 95%. Covering by rapid compost promoted the growth of celery: a 3-cm-high pumpkin compost covering resulted in the best plant height and fresh weight of celery, at 45.5 cm and 51.5 g, respectivity. The effects of intercropping and the use of insect screens on pest and weed control in a field of rape (Brassica rapa L.) were investigated. The rape was either untreated, or treated with one of the four pest- and weed-control techiques: intercropping with celery, intercropping with shallots, covering with a 32-mesh common insect screen, or covering with a 32-mesh insectide-treated screen. The numbers of insects caught by yellow sticky papers and the total damaged leaf area were used as indices to estimate the effectiveness of pest control, and the fresh weight and dry weight of weeds were used to evaluate the effectivenedd of weed control. Both intercropping and use of an insect screen resulted in better pest and weed control as compared with control conditions. There was no significant difference in the effect on insect control between celery celery and shallot intercropping. The insect control effects of the 32-mesh common insect screen and the insecticide-treated screen were not significantly different, but both resulted in better control than intercropping. The fresh weight and dry weight of weeds under any one of the four control techniques were significantly lower than those of the control, indicating that intercropping and the use of an insect screen can reduce weed growth. In terms of the plant height, stem diameter, and above-ground fresh weight and dry weight of the rape plants, use of the insecticide-treated screen produced the best results, followed by the common insect screen. Furthermore, intercropping with celery or shallots had no significant effect in the growth of the rape plants.

摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………………i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………ii
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………………iv
圖次 ……………………………………………………………………………………v
表次 ……………………………………………………………………………………vi
壹、前言 ………………………………………………………………………………1
貳、前人研究 …………………………………………………………………………2
一、芹菜作物栽培特性及產業現況 ………………………………2
二、生物炭 ……………………………………………………………………………2
三、蔬菜作物連作障礙現象及成因 ……………………………5
四、害物整合管理 ……………………………………………………………………7
參、材料與方法 . ……………………………………………………………………10
試驗一、生物炭之物理化學性質分析及芹菜於生物炭混合介質之育苗和栽培情形………………………………………………………………………………10
試驗二、生物炭對連作芹菜生長之影響 …………………………………………16
試驗三、芹菜栽培應用快速處理堆肥抑草效果及間作油菜之研究 …………19
肆、結果………………………………………………………………………………22
試驗一、生物炭之物理化學性質分析及芹菜於生物炭混合介質之育苗和栽培情形………………………………………………………………………………22
試驗二、生物炭對連作芹菜生長之影響 …………………………………………24
試驗三、芹菜栽培應用快速處理堆肥抑草效果及間作油菜之研究 …………27
伍、討論 ……………………………………………………………………………...56
試驗一、生物炭之物理化學性質分析及芹菜於生物炭混合介質之育苗和栽培情形………………………………………………………………………………56
試驗二、生物炭對連作芹菜生長之影響 …………………………………………59
試驗三、芹菜栽培應用快速處理堆肥抑草效果及間作油菜之研究 …………61
陸、結論 ……………………………………………………………………………66
柒、參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………………67

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