臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文旨在探究於我國典型配電饋線應用節能調壓技術之潛力。首先，蒐集相關文獻與資料，藉以探討台灣地區典型用電戶之型態及時變用電行為，俾以先進讀表基礎建設為基礎，建置隨時間改變之準即時ZIP負載模型及建構台灣地區之典型配電饋線。本研究應用非支配排序基因演算法於改善系統電壓不平衡之問題，以提升節能調壓之潛力，續而，應用適應電壓控制法及基於自動調控與雙向通訊之技術來調控系統電壓，以獲至節省設備耗能與降低系統損失之雙重效益。此外，尚彙整與分析配電系統之節能調壓潛力與效益。本論文以商用套裝軟體MATLAB來建構各典型範例系統之等效電路模型與演算法，藉資進行一系列之模擬、分析、比較與探討。最後，綜合歸納出系統節能調壓之效益與策略，可提供給台灣電力公司及能源主管機關參考，有助於提升我國智慧電網節能效益之提升與政策之推展。

In this thesis, the potential and technology of conservation voltage regulation (CVR) are analyzed for typical distribution systems in Taiwan. First, the relevant literatures are compiled to explore the types of typical customers and the time-varying behaviors of electricity usage in Taiwan. Based on the data of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), the quasi real-time ZIP load models and the typical sample distribution systems in Taiwan are constructed. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to improve the system voltage imbalance for increasing the potential of CVR. Then, the adaptive voltage control (AVC) based on automatic control and two-way communication technology is used to regulate the system voltages for achieving the benefits of lessening the energy consumptions of electrical appliances and reducing power losses of power systems as well. Furthermore, the benefit and potential assessment of CVR are summarized and analyzed. In this thesis, the equivalent circuit models and solution algorithms for the typical sample distribution systems are built in the commercial software package MATLAB. Then, a series of simulation, analysis, comparison and exploration are executed. Finally, the results of analysis and evaluation are summarized and the strategies for improving the potential of CVR are proposed. The outcomes are of value to the Taiwan Power Company for energy saving and and the energy authority for the implementation of sustainable development policies in Taiwan.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 XII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究步驟與方法 2
1.3 研究貢獻 4
1.4 論文架構 4
第二章 配電系統與先進讀表基礎建設介紹 7
2.1 前言 7
2.2 配電系統架構 7
2.3 電壓不平衡之定義與規範 12
2.4 先進讀表基礎建設 16
2.5 各國先進讀表基礎建設之現況與示範計畫 18
2.6 我國智慧電表推動規劃 21
2.7 本章小節 23
第三章 配電系統建模與電力潮流分析技術 25
3.1 前言 25
3.2 配電系統元件模型 25
3.3 前後掃描法 45
3.4 配電系統元件模型與三相電力潮流法驗證 48
3.5 範例系統 50
3.6 本章小節 63
第四章 三相不平衡分析與改善 65
4.1 前言 65
4.2 基因演算法 67
4.3 非支配排序基因演算法(NSGA-II) 69
4.4 NSGA-II應用於改善三相不平衡 75
4.5 NSGA-II效益分析 84
4.6 本章小節 101
第五章 節能調壓介紹與潛力評估 103
5.1 前言 103
5.2 節能調壓介紹 103
5.3 CVR調壓方法與步驟 106
5.4 CVR潛力評估與效益分析 111
5.5 本章小節 126
第六章 結論與未來方向 129
6.1 結論 129
6.2 未來研究方向 130
參考文獻 133
附錄 139

[1] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「台灣電力公司近三年每日尖峰備轉容量率」，政府資料開放平台，民國一百零六年
[2] 黃明陽，「應用停限電運轉圖資系統支援配電饋線三相不平衡率分析與改善」，國立中山大學 電機工程系，博士論文，民國九十七年
[3] 郭芬楠，「分散型電源併入配電系統對饋線電壓變動之研究」，國立臺北科技大學 電機工程系，碩士論文，民國九十四年
[4] 辜志承、朱文賢、楊明達、莊志鴻，「配電系統保護協調升級技術與效益研究」，國科會九十一年專題研究計畫，期末報告，民國九十一年
[5] 楊承翰，「電壓不平衡率之定義及電壓不平衡對系統與設備影響之研究」，國立臺灣科技大學 電機工程系，碩士論文，民國九十七年
[6] A. D. Rodriguez, F. M. Fuentes, and A. J. Matta, "Comparative analysis between voltage unbalance definitions," in 2015 Workshop on Engineering Applications - International Congress on Engineering (WEA), 2015, pp. 1-7.
[7] "Motors and Generators," NEMA Std MG1-2016, 2016.
[8] "Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage Ratings(60 Hertz)," ANSI C84.1-2016, 2016.
[9] "IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants," IEEE Std 141-1993(Revision of IEEE Std 141-1986), 1993.
[10] "IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality," IEEE Std 1159-2009 (Revision of IEEE Std 1159-1995), pp. c1-81, 2009.
[11] "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2-2: Environment - Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems," IEC 61000-2-2, 2017.
[12] 臺灣電力公司，「配電技術手冊(二)，架空配電線路設計手冊」，民國八十五年
[13] 新聞傳播處，「推動低壓智慧電表建置」，
網址：https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/e69c2971-a86e-43bc-b49d-dfffec54f886，民國一百零五年
[14] ASUS，「智慧能源應用生態圈」，ASUS SMART CITY ESOSYSTEM，
網址：https://goo.gl/vJsUup
[15] 黃雅琪，「全球智慧電表市場發展趨勢」，工業研究院，民國一百零四年
[16] IEA, "ENERGY EFFICIENCY 2017," OECD/IEA, 2017.
[17] 經濟部能源局，「低壓智慧電表推動規劃」，
網址：https://energywhitepaper.tw/upload/201711/151135385492268.pdf，民國一百零六年
[18] "AMI CASE Case09 / USA," ISGAN,
網址：http://www.iea-isgan.org/ami-case-case09-usa/, 2015.
[19] "AMI CASE Case02 / Canada," ISGAN,
網址：http://www.iea-isgan.org/ami-case-case02-canada/, 2015.
[20] "AMI CASE Case03 / FRANCE," ISGAN,
網址 ： http://www.iea-isgan.org/ami-case-case03-france/, 2015.
[21] "AMI CASE Case04 / IRELAND," ISGAN
網址：http://www.iea-isgan.org/ami-case-case04-ireland/, 2015.
[22] "AMI CASE Case05 / ITALY," ISGAN,
網址：http://www.iea-isgan.org/ami-case-case05-italy/.
[23] "AMI CASE Case11 / KOREA," ISGAN,
網址：http://www.iea-isgan.org/ami-case-11-korea/, 2018.
[24] 陳翔雄，「國內低壓智慧型電表基礎建設大進化」，工業研究院，民國一百零六年
[25] W. H.Kersting, "Distribution System Modeling and Analysis," CRC Press, 2012.
[26] T.-H. Chen, M.-S. Chen, T. Inoue, P. Kotas, and E. A. Chebli, "Three-phase cogenerator and transformer models for distribution system analysis," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1671-1681, 1991.
[27] T. Gonen, "Electric Power Distribution Engineering," CRC Press, 2014.
[28] 翁琦瑋，「考量運轉狀態變遷之配電系統電力潮流研究」，國立臺灣科技大學 電機工程系，碩士論文，民國一百零四年
[29] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「101年度電力品質控制成果報告」，民國1百零一年
[30] M. Manbachi, H. Farhangi, A. Palizban, and S. Arzanpour, "Quasi real-time ZIP load modeling for Conservation Voltage Reduction of smart distribution networks using disaggregated AMI data," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 19, pp. 1-10, 2015/12/01/ 2015.
[31] A. Bokhari et al., "Experimental Determination of the ZIP Coefficients for Modern Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Loads," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1372-1381, 2014.
[32] F. L. Quilumba, L. Wei-Jen, H. Heng, D. Y. Wang, and S. Robert Louis, "Load model development for next generation appliances," in 2011 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-7.
[33] 林宏諭，「智慧住宅配電系統節能規劃設計之研究」，國立臺灣科技大學 電機工程系，碩士論文，民國一百零四年
[34] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「台灣電力公司歷年發購電量(能源別)及售電量(用途別)」，政府資料開放平台，民國一百零七年
[35] 康渼松，「台電負載特性之研究及其對電力系統運轉之影響」，國立中山大學 電機工程系，博士論文，民國九十年
[36] 財團法人台灣綠色生產力基金會，「2017非生產性質行業能源查核年報」，民國一百零六年
[37] 卓明遠、張文曜 、黃鐘慶、黃奕儒、施恩、古文潔、劉文雄、許志義、林麗甄、徐正峰、吳易翰、李建霖、徐正峰、 張文奇、林素真、賈方霈，「AMI架構下各類用電負載特性調查與分析研究」，台灣電力股分有限公司 綜合研究所，民國一百零三年
[38] 陳介慧，「建築用電密度標準之研究」，國立成功大學 建築研究所，碩士論文，民國九十八年
[39] 陳朝順、黃佳文、林嘉宏、黃鐘慶、康渼松、何誠育、陳宏德、黃勝祿、林家仲、柳瓊惠、黃琮仁、蔡政宏、陳裕清，「台電系統饋線負載特性調查研究計畫」，台灣電力股分有限公司 綜合研究所，民國九十三年
[40] 財團法人台灣綠色生產力基金會，「2016年生產性質行業能源查核年報」，民國一百零四年
[41] 財團法人工業技術研究院，「工廠能源管理系統建置節約能源技術手冊」，民國一百零一年
[42] 王俊淵，「農業動力用電節能推動經驗與展望」，財團法人台灣綠色生產力基金會，民國一百零五年
[43] 翁震炘，「農業動力用電現況與節能減碳措施」，行政院 農業委員會 ，民國九十九年
[44] T.-H. Chen and Y.-L. Chang, "Integrated models of distribution transformers and their loads for three-phase power flow analyses," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 507-513, 1996.
[45] J. A. Michline Rupa and S. Ganesh, "Power Flow Analysis for Radial Distribution System Using Backward/Forward Sweep Method," International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 1627-1632, 11/ 2014.
[46] A. Ulinuha, M. A. S. Masoum, and S. M. Islam, "Unbalance power flow calculation for a radial distribution system using forward-backward propagation algorithm," in 2007 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2007, pp. 1-6.
[47] T.-H. Chen and N.-C. Yang, "Three-phase power-flow by direct ZBR method for unbalanced radial distribution systems," IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 903-910, 2009.
[48] 陳朝順、林嘉宏、許振廷、龔建豪、沈祐維、蕭翰遠、尤柏元、古育承、陳柏文、施凱華、黃彥閔、張大豪、魏清芳、張世勳、高國峰、葉彥翔、高洪維，「擴大配電規劃需求功能整合應用研究」，台灣電力股分有限公司 綜合研究所，民國一百零四年
[49] 台灣電力股分有限公司，「有關配電系統變壓器使用V-V接線對電壓不平衡之影響」，民國一百零五年
[50] K. Deb, A. Pratap, S. Agarwal, and T. Meyarivan, "A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II," IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 182-197, 2002.
[51] A. Konak, D. W. Coit, and A. E. Smith, "Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms: A tutorial," Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 91, no. 9, pp. 992-1007, 2006/09/01/ 2006.
[52] T.-H. Chen and J.-T. Cherng, "Optimal phase arrangement of distribution transformers connected to a primary feeder for system unbalance improvement and loss reduction using a genetic algorithm," in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Power Industry Computer Applications. Connecting Utilities. PICA 99. To the Millennium and Beyond (Cat. No.99CH36351), 1999, pp. 145-151.
[53] N.-C. Yang and T.-H. Chen, "Dual Genetic Algorithm-Based Approach to Fast Screening Process for Distributed-Generation Interconnections," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 850-858, 2011.
[54] 經濟部能源局，「電業法」，民國一百零六年
[55] 阮騰逵，「最小曼哈頓距離應用於多目標最佳化衍生之多準則決策問題」，私立元智大學 電機工程系，碩士論文，民國一百零七年
[56] Z. Wang and J. Wang, "Review on Implementation and Assessment of Conservation Voltage Reduction," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1306-1315, 2014.
[57] F. T. KP Schneider, JC Fuller, R Singh, "Evaluation of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) on a National Level," U.S. Department of Energy, 2010.
[58] W. Ellens, A. Berry, and S. West, "A quantification of the energy savings by Conservation Voltage Reduction," in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), 2012, pp. 1-6.
[59] E. Diskin, T. Fallon, G. O. mahony, and C. Power, "Conservation voltage reduction and voltage optimisation on Irish distribution networks," in CIRED 2012 Workshop: Integration of Renewables into the Distribution Grid, 2012, pp. 1-4.
[60] K. Matar, "Impact of voltage reduction on energy and demand," M.S.thesis, College Eng. Technol., Ohio Univ., Athens, OH, USA, 1990.
[61] M. Diaz-Aguiló et al., "Field-Validated Load Model for the Analysis of CVR in Distribution Secondary Networks: Energy Conservation," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 2428-2436, 2013.
[62] J. Wang, A. Raza, T. Hong, A. C. Sullberg, F. d. León, and Q. Huang, "Analysis of Energy Savings of CVR Including Refrigeration Loads in Distribution Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 158-168, 2018.
[63] R. W. Beck, "Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Distribution Efficiency Initiative Final Report," 2007.
[64] T. L. Wilson, "Energy conservation with voltage reduction-fact or fantasy," in 2002 Rural Electric Power Conference. Papers Presented at the 46th Annual Conference (Cat. No. 02CH37360), 2002, pp. C3-1.
[65] T. L. Wilson and D. G. Bell, "Energy conservation and demand control using distribution automation technologies," in Rural Electric Power Conference, 2004, 2004, pp. C4-1.
[66] 胡竣翔，「配電饋線電壓控制方式及改善策略」，國立臺灣科技大學 電機工程系，碩士論文，民國一百零四年
[67] 律韶光、許琮棋，「捷運主變壓器有載分接頭切換裝置施工經驗探討」，捷運技術半年刊，第38期，民國九十七年
[68] 楊念哲，「節約能源及再生能源應用之微型電網分析技術」，國立臺灣科技大學 電機工程系，博士論文，民國九十九年