臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

裂唇魚（Labroides dimidiatus）是著名的清潔魚，在珊瑚礁區被海水觀賞水族貿易商大量採捕，族群有可能日漸稀少。本研究主要調查裂唇魚的自然產卵及透過光學顯微鏡、解剖顯微鏡和掃描式電子顯微鏡（scanning electron microscopy, SEM）觀察胚胎及仔稚魚發育之形態及微細構造，同時也探討適合裂唇魚胚胎發育和仔魚培育的溫度和鹽度範圍。本實驗收集裂唇魚在2011年5月至2012年4月期間在人工環境下自然產卵的資料，在水溫24.1-29.2℃之範圍，四尾種魚（1雄3雌）的總產卵量為647900粒卵，平均受精率為96.90 %，孵化率範圍為2.1-100.0 %。根據上述產卵資料，可證明本實驗所使用之裂唇魚為終年產卵魚類。裂唇魚受精卵為球形透明之浮性卵，卵徑大小約為0.65 ± 0.01 mm，在水溫為27.3 ± 0.3℃之下，孵化時間為18小時30分鐘。剛孵化之仔魚體全長為1.65 ± 0.07 mm，肌節數目為29（15+14），肌節上平均散佈黑色素胞，單一油球位於卵黃囊正前方；孵化後第三天（3 days post hatch, 3 DPH）時仔魚體全長為2.20 ± 0.02 mm，已開始攝食，口徑大小為150.53 ± 0.02 μm，於4 DPH時仔魚游泳能力增加，卵黃囊和油球消耗殆盡。在SEM下，可觀察到受精卵表面平滑不具紋路，且壁孔均勻散佈，密度約為61個/100 μm2；卵門為圓柱型，孔徑約為6.90 μm，分布卵門周圍的副孔，約500個；0 DPH時，可觀察頭部出現神經丘構造，並隨仔魚發育而增加。受精卵分別放置14、17、20、23、26、29、32、35及38℃下孵化，探討其孵化率及孵化時間。另外，也將收精卵放置10、15、20、25、30、35及40 ppt下孵化，探討對孵化率影響。實驗結果顯示，在20、23、26、29及32℃有最高孵化率（78.9 %），顯著高於其他處理組（p＜0.05）；最長的孵化時間在17℃（39.22小時），顯著高於其他處理組（p＜0.05）。鹽度試驗則是在30和35 ppt有最高的孵化率（74.4 %），顯著高於其他處理組（p＜0.05）。本實驗結果顯示最適裂唇魚孵化的溫度和鹽度分別為26.1和30-35 ppt。

Bluestreak cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) is well- known as a cleaner fish and the object of intensive marine ornamental aquarium trade in coral reef, and may became a consequence rare. Natural spawning and early ontogeny of L. dimidiatus are described and illustrated by using optical microscope, stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The present study also focuses on the subject of tempertature and salinity for the bluestreak cleaner wrasse embryonic and larvae development. Successful natural spawning of L. dimidiatus in captivity from 1 May, 2011 to 30 April, 2012 is described. Four broodstock（male: female = 1:3）laid 647900 eggs during the spawning period and the water temperature fluctuated between 24.1 and 29.2℃. The average of the fertilization rate was 96.9 %, and the hatching rate varied from 2.0 to 100.0 %. Based on the above spawning data may prove to L. dimidiatus year-round spawning fish used in this experiment. Fertilized eggs were spherical, buoyant and had a diameter of 0.65 ± 0.01 mm. Embryonic development lasted 18h 30min at 27.3 ± 0.3℃. Newly hatched larvae were 1.65 ± 0.07 mm in total length（TL）, with 29（15+14） myomeres, and melanophores evenly distributed on myomeres. An oil globule was in the posterior area of the yolk sac. At 3 days post hatch（DPH）the larvae measured 2.20 ± 0.02 mm in TL, with the mouth was developed（150.53 ± 0.02 μm in gape height）. At 4 DPH, with the oil globule and yolk being absorbed, the larvae increased in swiming ability. Under scanning electron microscope, the pores on the egg surface were uniform in size and were protrudent, with a density about 61/100 μm2. The micropyle was shape, about 6.9 μm in diameter. There were ridge substances with a sharp cicular triangle inside the micropyle. Newly hatched larvae, a neuromasts were observed on the head. The effects of temperature（14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35 and 38℃）on hatching rate and hatching time were assessed. And the effect of salinity（10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ppt）on hatching rate was also assessed. Results indicate significant（p＜0.05）higher hatching rate（78.9 %）in temperature 20 to 32℃, and showed the significantly（p＜0.05） longer hatching time in17℃（39.22 h）. In the salinity trail, egg showed the significantly（p＜0.05）higher hatching rate（74.4 %）at 30 and 35 ppt. These results indicate that the optimal temperature and salinity for embryonic and larval development of L. dimidiatus are 26.1℃ and 30-35 ppt, respectively.

摘要
Abstract
第一章 前言 1
1.1 緒言 1
1.2文獻回顧 1
1.2.1海水觀賞魚市場 1
1.2.2隆頭魚科的生殖生物學研究 2
1.2.2.1雌雄同體和性轉變 3
1.2.2.2產卵季節 5
1.2.2.3產卵行為 5
1.2.2.4初期發育之研究 7
1.2.3裂唇魚（Labroides dimidiatus） 7
1.2.4原生動物 8
1.2.5溫度和鹽度的影響 9
1.2.6掃描式電子顯微鏡（scanning electron microscope, SEM）觀察魚卵和仔魚 9
1.3研究動機和目的 11
第二章 材料與方法 13
2.1自然產卵 13
2.1.1親魚培育 13
2.1.2產卵量、受精率及孵化率之計算 13
2.2仔魚飼養 14
2.2.1飼育方法 14
2.2.2餌料投餵 14
2.3 胚胎與仔魚的初期發育觀察 14
2.3.1光學顯微鏡觀察胚胎的發育 14
2.3.2解剖顯微鏡觀察仔魚的形態 15
2.3.3掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察魚卵及仔魚微細構造 15
2.3.3.1魚卵樣本前處理 15
2.3.3.2仔魚樣本前處理 15
2.3.3.3脫水 16
2.3.3.4臨界乾燥 16
2.3.3.5離子覆膜 16
2.3.3.6電子顯微鏡的初期發育觀察 16
2.4 水質檢測 17
2.5不同溫度對裂唇魚孵化的影響 18
2.6不同鹽度對裂唇魚孵化的影響 19
2.7統計分析 20
第三章 結果 21
3.1裂唇魚的自然產卵 21
3.2光學顯微鏡的形態觀察 21
3.2.1胚胎發育 21
3.2.2仔魚發育 22
3.2.3卵黃囊的消耗情形 23
3.2.4油球的消耗情形 23
3.2.5仔魚的成長 23
3.2.6口徑的發育 24
3.3掃描式電子顯微鏡微細構造觀察 24
3.3.1魚卵的微細構造 24
3.3.2仔魚的微細構造 25
3.4不同溫度對裂唇魚孵化及孵化時間的影響 25
3.4.1孵化率 25
3.4.2百分之五十的孵化時間 25
3.4.3總孵化時間 26
3.4.4卵黃囊體積 26
3.4.5油球徑 27
3.4.6孵化體全長（TL at newly hatched） 27
3.4.7百分之五十的開口時間 27
3.5不同鹽度對裂唇魚孵化率的影響 28
第四章 討論 29
4.1自然產卵 29
4.2仔魚的發育 29
4.2.1裂唇魚仔魚的初期攝食 29
4.3隆頭魚科的比較 31
4.4魚卵的微細構造 32
4.5溫度對受精卵及仔魚的影響 33
4.5.1孵化率 33
4.5.2百分之五十仔魚孵化時間 33
4.5.3剛孵化仔魚體長、卵黃囊體積和油球徑 33
4.6鹽度對受精卵孵化率的影響 34
第五章 結論 35
參考文獻 37
表 57
圖 65
附錄 85

表目錄

表1.　裂唇魚胚胎的發育過程 57
表2.　裂唇魚仔魚的發育過程 58
表3.　裂唇魚在不同溫度下的孵化時間和孵化率 59
表4.　裂唇魚在不同水溫下的孵化結果 60
表5.　不同鹽度下對裂唇魚卵孵化率的影響 61
表6.　不同隆頭魚科初期生活史之比較 62
表7.　隆頭魚科的魚卵微細構造之比較 63

圖目錄

圖1.　受精卵收集裝置 65
圖2.　裂唇魚仔魚培育之投餌順序 66
圖3.　裂唇魚的自然產卵 67
圖4.　裂唇魚產卵行為觀察 68
圖5.　裂唇魚的胚胎發育圖 69
圖5.　裂唇魚的胚胎發育圖（續1） 70
圖5.　裂唇魚的胚胎發育圖（續2） 71
圖6.　裂唇魚的仔魚發育圖 72
圖7.　裂唇魚的卵黃囊與油球的消耗情形 73
圖8.　裂唇魚的體全長與口徑的成長情形 74
圖9.　裂唇魚受精卵的表面微細構造 75
圖10.　裂唇魚剛孵化仔魚的體表微細構造 76
圖11. 裂唇魚孵化後第一天的體表微細構造 76
圖12. 裂唇魚孵化後第二天的體表微細構造 77
圖13. 裂唇魚孵化後第三天的體表微細構造 77
圖14. 裂唇魚孵化後第四天的體表微細構造 78
圖15. 不同溫度對裂唇魚孵化率的影響 79
圖16. 不同溫度對裂唇魚50 %孵化時間的影響 80
圖17. 不同溫度對裂唇魚總孵化時間的影響 81
圖18. 不同溫度下裂唇魚在0DPH之油球徑長、卵黃囊體積及體全長差異 82
圖19. 不同溫度下裂唇魚仔魚的體全長、卵黃囊體積和油球徑隨時間之變化和開口時間 83
圖20. 不同鹽度對裂唇魚卵孵化的影響 84

附 錄

附錄1. 本實驗拍攝電子顯微鏡前處理所使用之重要試劑配方 85
附錄2. 海水水質檢測項目的分析方法和品管報告 86
附錄3. 海水水質檢測項目的採樣及保存方法 87
附錄4. 品管要求項目 88

冉繁華（2007）石斑。台灣漁業經濟發展協會、行政院農業委員會。
呂明毅（2010）海生館再創新世界紀錄 完成裂唇魚的自然產卵及仔稚魚培育。國立海洋生物博物館館訊，51：4-5。
李源鑫（1997）不同科屬硬骨魚類魚卵卵膜表面微細構造之觀察及其應用。國立台灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文，90pp.
李驊穎（2011）銀鱗鯧的胚胎、仔稚魚發育及對氨氮急毒性耐受性之研究。國立東華大學海洋生物多樣性及演化研究所碩士論文，75pp.
吳瑞賢（2000）利用mtDNA序列及掃描式電子顯微鏡作為狗母魚科魚卵鑑定。國立海洋大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文，101pp.
邵廣昭、楊瑞森、陳康青、李源鑫（2001）台灣海域魚卵圖鑑。中央研究院動物研究所，179 pp.
邵廣昭，陳靜怡（2003）魚類圖鑑。遠流出版社，431pp.
邵廣昭（2011）台灣魚類資料庫 網路電子版。version 2009/1。網址：
http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/chi/family.php?id=F412。上網日期：2011-02-22。
施宏澤（2002）鸚哥魚 mtDNA 12srRNA片段分子之分子演化及其應用在墾丁海域魚卵分類及其組成之調查研究。國立台灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文，67pp.
徐永江、柳学周、王妍妍、曲建忠（2009）温度、盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育及仔稚鱼饥饿耐受力影响。鱼业科学进展，30（3）：25-31。
孙丽华、陈浩如、王肇鼎（2006）盐度对军曹鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育的影响。生态科学，25（1）：48-51。
孫于琁（2011）藍帶荷包魚的仔稚魚發育、微細構造及首次攝餌之研究。國立東華大學海洋生物多樣性及演化研究所碩士論文，118pp.
謝蕙蓮、邵廣昭、林幸助、邱郁文、林明炤、陳天任、張睿昇（2005）台灣海域天然海岸與人工海岸生物群聚及生態系之比較研究。行政院農業委員會林務局 p100。
楊梅君（2008）慈濟大學研發處電子顯微鏡室。網址：http://www.em.tcu.edu.tw/。
楊雅捷（2012）鞍斑海葵魚的初期發育與氨氮、亞硝酸鹽及硝酸鹽之急毒性耐受性之研究。國立東華大學海洋生物科技研究所碩士論文，139pp.
戴克遠（2010）尖翅燕魚的初期發育與微細構造之研究。國立屏東科技大學水產養殖研究所碩士論文，57pp.
蘇惠美（1999）餌料生物培養與利用。行政院農委會水產試驗所東港分所，105pp.。
Albaladejo, V. D. and Corpuz, V. T., 1981. A market study of the aquarium fish industry of the Philipines: an assessment of the growth and the mechanics of the trade. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symosium（Manila）, Quezon City, Philippines, University of the Philippines 1, pp. 75-81.
Akatsu, S., Al-Abdul-Elah, K.M., Teng, S.K., 1983. Effects of salinity and water temperature on the survival and growth of brown-spotted grouper larvae （Epinephelus tauvina Serranidae）. World Mariculture Society 14, 624-635.
Alderdice, D.F., Forrester, C.R., 1968. Some effects of salinity and temperature on early development and survival of the English sole（Parophrys vetulus）. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25, 495-521.
Andoh, T., Matsubara, T., Harumi, T., Yanagimachi, R., 2008. The use of poly-L-lysine to facilitate examination of spem entry into pelagic, non-adhesive fish eggs. Developmental Biology 52, 753-757.
Bailey, K.M., Stehr, C.L., 1986. Laboratory studies on the early life history of the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma（Pallas）. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 99, 233-246.
Battaglene, S.C., 1995. Induced ovulation and larval rearing of Australian marine fish. PhD Thesis, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 215 pp.
Begemihl, B., 1999. Biological exuberance: animal homosexuality and natural diversity. New York: St. Martin’s press, 768 pp.
Bell, L.J., 1983. Aspects of the reproductive biology of the wrasse Cirrhilabrus temminckii at Miyake-jima, Japan. Japanese of Ichthyology 30, 158-167.
Bian, X., Zhang, X., Gao, T., Wan, R., Chen, S., Sakurai, Y., 2010. Morphology of unfertilized mature and fertilized developing marine pelagic eggs in four types of multiple spawning flounders. Ichthyological Reseach 57, 343-357.
Blaxter, J.H.S., Hempel, G., 1963. The influence of egg size on herring larvae. ICES Journal of Marine Science 28, 211-240.
Bolin, R.L., 1930. Embryonic development of the labrid fish Oxyjulis californicus Günther. Copeia, 122-128.
Bromage, N.R., Bruce, M., Basavaraja, N., Rana, K., Shields, R., Yang, C., Dye, J., Smith, P., Gillespie, M., Gamble, J., 1994. Egg quality determinants in finfish: the role of overriping with special reference to the timing of stripping in the Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 25, 13-21.
Busch, A., 1996. Transition from endogenous to exogenous nutrition: larval size parameters determing the start of external feeding and size of prey ingested by Ruegen spring herring Clupea harengus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 130, 39-46.
Champalbert, G., Castelbon C., Direach-Boursier Le L., 1992. Effect of salinity on swimming activity and distribution of larvae and juvenile sole ( Solea solea L. ). Marine Behavior and physiology, 21, 121-143.
Chapman, F.A., Fitz-Coy, S.A., Thunberg, E.M., Adams, C.M.,1997. United states of America trade in ornamental fish. Journal of the World Aquacult Society 28, 1-10.
Chen, C.H., Wu, C.C., Shao, K.T., Yang, J.S., 2007. Chroion microstructure for indentifying five fish eggs of Apogonidae. Journal of the Fish Bilology 71, 913-919.
Chen, K.C., Shao, K.T., Yang, J.S., 1999. Using micropylar ultrastructure for species identification and phylogenetic inference among four species of Sparidae. Journal of Fish Biology 55, 288-300.
Colin, P.L., 1983. Spawning and larval development of the hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Pisces: Labridae). Fishery Bulletin 80, 853-862.
Coward, K., Bromage, N.R., Hibbitt, O., Parrington, J., 2002. Gamete physiology, fertilization and egg activation in teleost fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12, 33-58.
Craik, J.C.A., Harvey, S.M., 1987. The causes of buoyancy of marine teleosts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 169-182.
Cunha, I., Planas, M., 1999. Optimal prey size for early turbot larvae（Scophthalmusmaximus L.）based on mouth and ingested prey size. Aquaculture 175, 103-110.
Danois, E., 1913. Contribution àl’étude systématiqueet biologique des poissons de la Manche Occidentale. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique 5, 1-214.
Diener, D.R., 1976. Hermaphroditism in fish: a comparative study of the reproductive biology and endocrinology of the California Labridae. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation., University of California, San Diego, 158 pp.
Dipper, F.A., Pullin, R.S.A., 1979. Gonochrism and sex-inverson in British Labridae (Pisces). Journal of Zoolology 187, 97-111.
Ditty, G.J., Shaw, R.F., Cope, J.S., 1994. A re-description of Atlantic spadefish larvae, Chaetodipterus faber (family: Ephippidae), and their distribution, abundance, and seasonal occurrence in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 92, 262-274.
Dulči ć, J., Kožul, V., Kraljević, M., Skaramuca, B., Glamuzina, B., Re, P., 1999. Embrionic and larval development of the brown warsse Labrus merula（Pisces: Labridae）. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, 327-332.
Ehrenbaum, E., 1905–1909. Eier und Larven von Fischen. Nordisches Plankton 1, 1-413.
FAO（Food and Agricilture Organization of the United Nations）, 2008. Fishery and aquaculture statistics. FAO yearbook. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy, p. 7-25.
Feddern H.A., 1965. The spawning, growth, and general behavior of the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum (Pisces, Labridae). Bulletin of Marine Science 15, 896-941.
Fernández-Díaz, C., Pascual, E., Yúfera, M., 1994. Feeding behavior and prey size selection of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., larvae fed on inert and live food. Marine Biology 118, 323-328.
Fiedler, K., 1964. Verhaltensstudien an Lippfischen der Gattung Crenilabrus（Labridae, Perciformes）. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 21, 521-591.
Fishelson L., 1996. Skin morphology and cytology in marine eels adapted to different lifestyles. The Anatomical Record 246, 15-29.
Fishelson, L., 1970. Protogynous sex reversal in the fish Anthias squamipinnis（Teleostei, Anthiidae）regulated by the presence or absence of a male fish. Nature 227, 90-91.
Fricke, H.W., Fricke, S., 1977. Momogamy and sex change by aggressive dominance in a coral fish. Nature 226, 830-832.
Froese R., Pauly D., 2006. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version.
Fyhn, H. J., 1989. First feeding of marine fish larvae: Are free amino acids the source of energy? Aquaculture 80, 111-120.
Ganeco, L.N., Franceschini-Vicentini, I.B., Nakaghi, L.S., 2008. Structural analysis of fertilization in the fish Brycon orbignyanus. Zygote 17, 93-99.
Gisbert, E., Merino, G., Muguet, B., Bush, D., Piedrahita, R.H., Conklin, D.E., 2002. Morphological drvelopment and allometric growth patterns in hatchery-reared California halibut larvae. Journal of Fish Biology 61, 1217-1229.
Godwin, J., Crews, D., Warner, R.R., 1996. Behavioral sex change in the absence of gonads in a coral reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 263, 1683-1688.
Gracia-Lopez, V., Kiewek-Martínez, M, Maldonado-García, M., 2004. Effects of temperature and salinity on artificially reproduced eggs and larvae of the leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea. Aquaculture 247, 485-498.
Greenberg, B., 1961. Spawning and parental behavior in female pairs of the Jewel fish, Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill. Behaviour 18, 44-61.
Groot, E.P., Alderdice, D.F.,1985. Fine structure of the external egg membrane of five species of Pacific salmon and steelhesd trout. Canadian Journal of Zoolology, 63, 552-566.
Gwo, H.H. 2008. Morphology of the fertilizable mature egg in the Acanthopagrus latus, A. schlegeli and Sparus sarba ( Teleostei: Perciformes: sparidae ).
Microscopy 232, 422-452.
Hamor, T., Garside, E.T., 1977. Size relations and yolk utilization in embryonated ova and alevins of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, L., in various combinations of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55, 1892-1898.
Hansen, T.K., Falk-Petersen, I.B., 2001. The influence of rearing temperature on early development and growth of spotted wolfish Anarhichas minor（Olafsen）. Aquaculture Research 32, 369-378.
Hart, N.H., 1990. Fertilization in teleost fishes: mechanisms of sperm-egg interactions. International Review of Cytology 121, 1-66.
Hart, P.R., Purser, G.J., 1995. Effect of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the greenback flounder（Rhombosolea tapirina Günther, 1982）. Aquaculture 136, 221-230.
Hart, P.R., Purser, G.J., 1995. Effect of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolksac larvae of the greenback flounder（Rhombosolea tapirina Günther, 1862）. Aquaculture 136, 221-230.
Heincke, F., Ehrenbaum, E., 1900. Eier und Larven von Fischen der Deutschen Bucht, II Die Bestimmung der schwimmenden Fischeier und die Methodik der Eimessungen. Wissenschaftlide Meeresuntersuchunger HelgolandNF 3, 127-332.
Heming, T.A., 1982. Effects of temperature on untilization of yolk by Chinook salmon（Oncorhynchus tshawytscha）eggs and alevins. Fisheries and Aquatic Science 39, 184-190.
Hirai, A., 1988. Fine structure of the micropyles of pelagic of some marine fishes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 35, 351-357.
Hoffman, S.G., Schildhauer, M.P., Warner, R.R., 1985. The costs of changing sex and the ontogeny of males under contest competition for mates. Evolution 39, 915-927.
Holliday, F.G.T., 1969. The effect of salinity on the eggs and larvae of teleosts.In:Randall, D.J. & Conte, F.P（eds.）, Fish Physiology : Excretion, ionic regulation, and metabolism, Vol 1, pp. 293-311.
Holt, E.W.L., 1899. Recherches sur la reproduction des poissons osseux principalement dans le golfe de Marseille. Annales du Musée d’Historie Naturelle de Marseille 5, 1-128.
Houde, E.D., 1975. Effect of stocking density and food density on survival, growth and yield of laboratory-reared larvae of sea bream Archosargus rhomboidalis （L.）（Sparidae）. Journal of Fish Biology 7, 115-127.
Houde, E.D., 1975. Food concertration and stocking dendity effects on survival and growth of laboratory-reared larvae of bayanchovy Anchoa mitchilli and lined sole Achirus lineatus. Marine Biology 43, 333-341.
Ivankov, V.N., Kurdyayen, V.P., 1973. Systematic differences and the ecological importance of the membranes in fish eggs. Journal of Ichthyology 13, 864-873.
Iwamatsu, T., Ishijima, S., Nakashima, S., 1993. Movement of spermatozoa and changes in micropyles during fertilization in medaka eggs. Experimental Zoology 266, 57-64.
Iwamatsu, T., Ohta, T., 1981. Scanning electron microscopic observation on spem penetration in teleostean fish. Experimental Zoology 218, 261-277.
Iwamatsu, T., Onitake, K., Yoshimoto, Y., Hiramoto, Y., 1991. Time sequence of early envents fertilization in the Medaka egg. Development, Growth& Differentiation 33, 479-490.
Jardas, I., 1996. Jadranska ihtiofauna. Zagreb. In: Školska knjiga, 533pp.
Jirsa, D., Drawbridge, M., Stuart, K., 2007. Spawning of a captive population of california sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 38,122-128.
Johannes, R.E., 1981. Words of the Lagoon. University California Press, Los Angeles 320 pp.
Johnson, E.Z., Werner, R.G., 1986. Scanning electron microscopy of the chorion of seleced freshwater fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 29, 257-265.
Jones, D.L., 1993. Desscription of egg and early larval stage of two laboratory-reared tropical reef Labrids, Bodianus rufus（Linnaeus, 1758）and Thalassoma bifasciatum（Bloch, 1791）. Deparment of marine sciences university of Puerto rico Mayagüez Campus, 137pp.
Kamiyama, T., 1994. The impact of grazing by microzooplankton in northern Hiroshima Bay, the Seto Inland Seam, Japan. Marine Biololgy 119, 77-88.
Kinne, O., 1963. The effects of temperature and salinity on marine and brackish water animals: I. Temperature. Oceanographers and Marine Biologists Annual Review 1, 301-340.
Kobayashi, W., Yamamoto, T.S., 1981. Fine structure of the micropylar apparatus of the chum salmon egg, with a discussion of the mechanism for blocking polyspermy. Experimental Zoology 217, 265-275.
Kohno, H., Ohno, A., Taki, Y., 1994. Why is grouper larval rearing difficult? A comparison of the biological natures of early larvae of four tropical marine fish species. The Third Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society. Manila, Philippines, pp. 450-453.
Kohli, V., Elezzabi, A.Y., 2008. Laser surgery of zebrafish（Danio rerio）embryos using femtosecond laser pulses: Optimal parameters for exogenous material delivery, and the laser’s effect on short- and long-term development. BMC Biotechnology 8, 1-20.
Kožul, V., Glavić, N., Tutman, P., Bolotin, J., Onofri, V., 2011. The spawning, embryonic and early larval development of the green wrasse Labrus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Labridae) in controlled conditions. Animal Reproduction Science 125, 196-203.
Kubo, I., 1939. Notes on the development of a teleost, Thalassoma cupido (Temminck and Schlegel). Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 8, 165-167.
Kucera, C. J., Faulk, C. K., Holt G. J., 2002. The effect of parental acclimation to spawning salinity on the survival of larvae Cynoscion nebulisus. Journal of Fish Biology 61, 726-738.
Kuwamura, T., 1981. Life history and population fluctuation in the labrid fish, Labroides dimidiatus, near the northern limit of its range. Publications of the Seto Marine Laboratory （1/3）, 95-117.
Kuwamura, T., Nakashima, Y., 1998. New aspects of sex change among reef fishes: resent studies in Japan. Environmental Biology of Fishes 52, 125-135.
Lauder, G.V., 1983. Food capture. In: Webb P.W. & Weihs D.（eds.）, Fish Biomechanics. New York, Praeger, pp. 280-311.
Leu, M.-Y., Wang W.-H., Yang S.-D., Meng P.-J., 2009. Natural spawning, early development and first feeding of the semicircle angelfish Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Cuvier, 1831) in captivity. Aquaculture Research 40, 1019-1031.
Leu, M.-Y., Meng P.-J., Huang C.-S., Tew K.S., Kuo J., Liou C.-H., 2010. Spawning behavior, early development and first feeding of the bluestriped anglefish [Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)] in captivity. Aquaculture Research 41, e39-e52.
Li, Y. H., Wu, C.C., Yang, J.S., 2000. Comparative ultrastructural studies of the zona radiate of marine fish eggs in three genera in Perciformes. Jouranl of Fish Biology 56, 615-621.
Lönning, S., Hagström, B.E., 1975. Scanning electron microscope studies of the surface of the fish egg. Astarte 8, 17-22.
Lubbock, H. R. and Polumin, N. V. C., 1975. Conservation and the tropical marine aquarium trade. Environmental Conservation 2, 229-232.
Marques, C., Nakaghi, L.S.O., Faustino, F., Ganeco, L.N., Senhorini, J.A., 2008. Oberservation of the embryonic development in Pseudoplatystoma coruscans（Siluriformes: Pimelodidae）under light and scanning electron microscopy. Zygote 16, 333-342.
Masuda, K., Murata, K., Iuchi, I., Yamagami, K., 1992. Some properties of the hardening process in chrorions isolated from unfertilized eggs of medaka Oryzias latipes. Development, Growth & Diffrerentiation 34, 545-552.
Matthews, J.D., 1887. Note on the ova, fry and nest of the ballan wrasse（Labrus maculatus）Fifth Annual Report, Fisheries Board Scotland 245-247.
Meyer, K.A., 1977. Reproductive behavior and patterns of sexuality in the Japanese labrid fish Thalassoma cupido. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 24, 101-112.
Metcalfe, E., Kimmel, C.B., Schabtach, E., 1985. Anatomy of the posterior lateral line system in young larvae of the zebrafish. Comarative Neurology 233, 377-389.
Mito, S., 1962. Pelagic fish eggs from Japanese waters. VI. Labrina. Scientific Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 19, 493-502.
Moyer, J.T., 1974. Notes on the reproductive behavior of the wrasse Thalassoma cupido. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 21, 34-36.
Moyer, J.T., Shepard, J.W., 1975. Notes on the spawning behavior of the wrasse, Cirrhilabrus temminckii. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 22, 40-42.
Moyer, J.T., Yogo, Y., 1982. The lek-like mating system of Halichoeres melanochir (Pisces: Labridae) at Miyake-jima, Japan. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 60, 209-226.
Mukai, Y., Kobayashi, H., 1995. Development of free neyromasts with special reference to sensory polarity in larvae of the willo shiner, Gnathopogen elongates caerulescens (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). Zoological Science 12, 125-131.
Mukai, Y., Kobayashi, H., 1995. Development of free neuromasts with special reference to sensory polarity in larvae of the willow shiner, Gnathopogon elongates caerulescens（Teleostei, Cyprinidae）. Zoological Science 12, 125-131.
Mukai, Y., Kobayashi, H., Yoshikawa, H., 1995. Development of free and canal neuromasts and their directions of maximum sensitivity in the larvae of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Ichthyological Resseach 38, 411-417.
Munk, K., 1997. Prey size spectra and prey availability of larval and small juvenile cod. Journal of Fish Biology 51, 340-351.
Nagano, N., Iwatsuki, Y., Kamiyama, T., Shimizu, H., Nakata, H., 2000. Ciliated protozoans as food for first-feeding larval grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus: Laboratory experiment. Plankton Biology and Ecology 47, 93-99.
Nakashima, Y., Kuwamura, T., Yogo, Y., 1995. Why be a both-way sex changer? Ethology 101, 301-307.
Nakashima1, Y., Sakai, Y., Karino, K., Kuwamura, T., 2000. Female-female spawning and sex change in a haremic, coral-reef fish Labroides dimidiatus. Zoological Science 17, 967-970.
Nakazono, A., 1979. Studies on the sex reversal and spawning behavior of five species of Japanese labrid fishes. Report of Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University 4, 64pp.
Nelson, J.S., 2006. Fishes of the World, Fourth edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 601 pp.
Ohta, T., Iwamatsu, T., 1983. Electron microscopic observation on spem entry into eggs of the rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus. Journal of Experimental Zoology 227, 109-117.
Olivotto, I., Holt, S.A., Carnevali, O., Holt, G.J., 2006. Spawning, early development, and first feeding in the lemonpeel angelfish Centropyge flavissimus. Aquacuture 253, 270-278.
Onofri, I., 1975. Biosistematske karakteristike vrsta familije Labridae（Pisces, Teleostei）jugoslavenskog dijela Jadrana. PhD thesis, PMF Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina, 290 pp.
Oppen-Berntsen, D.O., Helvik, J.V., Walther, B.T., 1990. The major structure proteins of cod（Gadus morhua）eggshell and protein crosslinking during teleost egg hardening. Developmental Biology 137, 258-265.
Ostergaard, P., Munk, P., Janekarn, V., 2005. Contrasting feeding patterns among species of fish larvae from the tropical Andaman Sea. Marine Biology 146, 595-606.
Otsuka, M., Nagai, S., 1997. Neuromast formation in the prehatching embryos of the cod fish, Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius. Zoological science 14, 475-481.
Park, J.Y., Oh, M.K., Kim, C.H., Kang, E.J., Beon, M.S., 2008. Morphology and distrbution of the minute tubercles on the skin surface of larvae in the Korean endemic bitterling, Acheilognathus somjinensis ( Pisces, Cyprinidae ), with its larval growth. Animal Cells and System 12, 297-304.
Pauly, D., Pullin, R.S.V., 1988. Hatching time in spherical, pelagic, marine fish eggs in response to temperature and egg size. Environmental Biology of Fishes 22, 261-271.
Pelicice, F.M., Agostinho, A.A., 2005. Perspectives on ornamental fisheries in the upper Parana River floodplain, Brazil. Fiseries Research 72, 109-119.
Perry, D.M., 1984. Post-fertilization changes in the chrion of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum, eggs observed with scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Fish Biology 25, 83-94.
Peterson, R.H., Spinney, H.C.E., Sreedharan, A., 1977. Development of Atlantric salmon（Salmo salar）eggs and alevins under varied temperature regimes. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34, 31-43.
Planas, M., Cunha, I., 1999. Larviculture of marine fish: problems and perspectives. Aquaculture 177, 171-190.
Quignard, J.P., 1962. La reproduction chez les Labridés, le nid, l’oeuf et larvae de Symphodus cinereus. Naturalia Menspeliensia. Zoologie Montpellier 4, 51-61.
Quignard, J.P., 1967. L’oeuf et la larvae de Labridé Symphodus（Crenilabrus）melops （Linne, 1758）. Influence de différent facteurs physicohimiquw sur la durée du development embryonnaire. Revue des Travaux de l’Insitut des Pȇches Maritimes 31, 355-358.
Randall, J.E., 1986. Labridae. In: M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.), Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 683-706.
Reinboth, R., 1962a. Morphologische und functionelle Zweigeschtlichkeit bei marinen Teleostuern（Serranidae, Sparidae, Centracanthidae, Labridae）. Zoologische Jahrbucher Physiololgie Morphology, Tiere, 69, 405-480.
Reinboth, R., 1967. Biandric teleost species. General and Comparative Endocrinology 9, 486.
Reinboth, R., 1970. Intersexuality in fishes. Memoirs of the Society Endocrinology. 18, 515-543.
Reinboth, R., 1975. Spontaneous and hormoneinduced sex-inversion in wrasses（Labridae）. Publications Stazione Zoologie Napoli 39, 550-573.
Riehl, R., 1980. Micropyle of some salmonis and coregonins. Environmental Biology of Fishes 5, 59-66.
Riehl, R., 1993. Surface morphology and micropyle as a tool for indentifying fish eggs by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy and Analysis 5, 29-31.
Riehl, R., 1997. Minireview. The micropyle of teleost fish eggs: morphological and functional aspects. In:（Serent B.and J.Y.Sire, eds.）Proceedings of the 5th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Noumea （New Caledonia）. Society France Ichtyology, Paris 589-599.
Riehl, R., Ekau, W., 1990. Indentification of Antarctic fish eggs by surface as shown by the eggs of Trematomus eulepidotus （Teleostei: Nototheniidae）. Polar Biology 11, 27-31.
Riehl, R., Kock, K.H., 1989. The surface structure of Antarctic fish eggs and its use in indetifying fish eggs from the southern ocean. Polar Biology 9, 197-203.
Riehl, R., Schulte, E., 1977. Vergleichende rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Mikropylen ansgewählter Süßwasser-Teleosteer. Archiv Fischereiwissenschaft 28, 95-107.
Robertson, D.R., 1972. Social control of sex reversal in a coral-reef fish. Science 177, 1007-1009.
Robertson, D.R., 1973. Sex change under the waves. New Scientist 58, 538-539.
Robertson, D.R., Choat, J.H., 1974. Protogynous hemaphroditism and social structures in labrid fish. Proceedings of the Second Internattional Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 217-225.
Robertson D.R., Hoffman, S.G., 1977. The role of female mate choice and predation in the mating systems of tropical labroid fishes. Ethology 45, 298-320.
Roede M.J., 1972. Color as related to size, sex, and behavior in seven Caribbean labrid species (genera Thalassoma, Halichoeres, and Hemipteronotus).Studies of the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 138, 1-264.
Rombough, P.J., 1996. The effects of temperature on embryonic and larvae development. In Global Warming: Implications for Freshwater and Marine Fish （Wood, C. M. & McDonald, D. G., eds）, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 177-223.
Ross, R.M., 1990. The evolution of sex-change mechanisms in fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 29, 81-93.
Schlupp, I., Parzefall, J., Epplen, J.T., Nanda, I., Schartl, M.,1992. Pseudomale behavior and spontaneous masculinization in the all-female teleost Poecilia formosa（Teleostei: Poeciliidae）Behaviour 122, 88-104.
Schmehl, M.K., Graham, E.F., 1987. Comparative ultrastructure of the zona radiate from eggs of six species of salmonids. Cell and Tissue Research 250, 513-519.
Shirota, A., 1970. Studies on the mouth size of fish larvae. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 36, 353-367.
Stehr, C.M., Hawkes, J.W., 1979. The comparative ultrastructure of the egg membrane and associates pore structure in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus （Pallas）, and pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha（Walbaum）. Cell and Tissue Research 202, 347-356.
Stone, J., 1996. Preliminary trials on the culture of goldsinny and corkwing wrasse. In: Sayer, M.D.J., Treasurer, J.W., Costello, M. J. (Eds.), Wrasse: Biology and Use in Aquaculture, Fishing News Books, Oxford, pp. 142-167.
Suzuki, K., Hioki S., Kobayashi K., and Tanaka Y., 1981. Developing eggs and early larvae of the Wrasses, Cirrhilabrus temminckii and Labroides dimidiatus, with a note on their spawning behaviors. Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science and Technology. Tokai University 14, 369-377.
Suzuki, N., Akiyama, N., Hibiya, T., 1985. Development of the bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii（Cyprinidae）, with a none on minute tubercles on the skin surface. Ichthyology Reseach 32, 28-34.
Suzuki, N., Oka, A., Sugoh, Y., Yamakawa, K., Hibiya, T., 1986. Development of the bitterling, Tanakia tanago（Cyprinidae）, with a note on minute tubercles on the skin surface. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 33, 225-231.
Suzuki, N., Umezawa, K., Yabe, T., Murai, H., 1986. Development of the bitterling, Paracheilognathus himantegus（Cyprinidae）, with a note on minute tubercles on the skin surface. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 36, 318-326.
Taniguchi, A., 1977. Biomass and size composition of copepod nauplii and tintinnids in the Philippine Sea and the Celebes Sea, summer 1972. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan 24, 1-10.
Thresher R.E., 1979. Social behavior and ecology of two sympatric wrasses（Labridae: Halichoeres spp.）off the coast of Florida. Marine Biology 53, 161-172.
Thresher, R.E., 1984. Reproduction in Reef Fishes. TFH Publications, Neptune, NJ, 399 pp.
Uye, S., Nagano, N., Shimazu, T., 1998. Biomass, production and trophic roles of micro-and net-zooplankton in Dokai Inlet, a heavily eutrophic inlet, in summer. Plankton Biololgy and Ecololgy 45, 171-182.
Uye, S., Nagano, N., Tamaki, H., 1996. Geographical and seasonal variations in abundance, biomass and estimated production rates of microzooplankton in the Inland Sea of Japan. Journal of Oceanography 52, 689-703.
Walsh, W.A., Swanson, C., Lee, C.S., 1991. Combined effects of temperature and salinity on embryonic development and hatching of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus. Aquaculture 97, 281-289.
Warner, R.R., 1982. Mating systems, sex change and sexual demography in the rainbow wrasse, Thalassoma lucasanum. Copeia 653-661.
Warner, R.R., 1988. Sex change and the size-advantage model. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3,133-136.
Warner, R.R., Robertson, D.R., 1978. Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the western Caribbean, I. The wrasses（Labridae）. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 254, 1-27.
Warner, R.R., Swearer, S.E., 1991. Social control of sex change in the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum（Pisces: Labridae）. Biological Bulletin 181, 199-204.
Warner, R.R., Robertson, D.R., Leigh, E.G., Jr., 1975. Sex change and sexual selection. Science 190, 633-638.
Watanabe, W.O., Lee, C.S., Ellis, S.C., Ellis, E.P., 1995. Hatchery study of effect of the temperature on egg and yolk sac larvae of the Nassau grouper Ephinephelus striatus. Aquaculture 136, 141-147.
Watson, W., Leis, J.M., 1974. Ichthyoplankton of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Sea Grant Technology Report (TR-75-01).
Webb, J.F., Shirey, J.E., 2003. Postembryonic development of the cranial lateral line canals and neuromasts in Zebrafish. Development Dynamics 228, 370-285.
Williams, K., Papanikos, N., Phelps, R.P., Shardo, j.d., 2004. Development, growth, and yolk utilization of hatchery-reared red snapper Lutjanus camechamus larvae. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 275, 231-239.
Wittenrich, M.L., Turingan, R.G., Creswell, R.L., 2007. Spawning, early development and first feeding in the gobiid fish Priolepis nocturna. Aquaculture 270, 132-141.
Wood, E., 2001a. Global advances in conservation and managemwnt of marine ornamental resources. Aquarium Science and Conservation 3, 65-77.
Wood, E., 2001b. Collection of coral reef fish for aquaia: global trade, conservation issue and management strategies. Unpublished report, Marine Conservation Society, UK. URL http:// www.mcsuk.org.
Yamamoto, K., 1952. Studies on the fertilization of the egg of the flounder. II. The morphological structure of the micropyle and its behavior in response to sperm-entry. Cytologia 16, 302-306.
Yancey, P.H., Clark, M.E., Hand, S.C., Bowlus, R.D., Somero, G.N., 1982. Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems. Science 217, 1214-1222.
Yúfera, M., Darias, M.J., 2007. The onset of exogenous feeding on marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 268, 53-63.
Zotin, A., 1958. The mechanism of hardening of the salmonid egg membrane after fertilization or spontaneous activation. Embryology and Experimental Morphology 6, 546-568.