臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

薄膜過濾技術是新興之高效淨水處理技術，不需藉大量添加化學藥劑即可有效地去除多項有機、無機污染物，增加適飲性，及控制消毒副產物及其前驅物產生。
本實驗以臺灣本島簡易自來水主要水源：山泉水、地下水、河水為主要探討對象，分析其不同原水內含有機物質及無機物質等複雜交錯物質對於薄膜之過濾效能之影響，針對不同過濾天數之薄膜進行取樣，並使用不同的藥劑清洗比對不同原水水質之有機物質及無機物質的積垢物趨勢。以物理性清洗可將大部份的可逆積垢移除，但為增長薄膜使用壽命，必需減少其不可逆積垢，故建議若原水水質中多醣類物質含量較高者，建議以化學(次氯酸鈉)清洗效果較佳；原水水質中腐植酸類物質含量較高者，以氫氧化鈉清洗者效果較佳。於本研究試驗之水源，以河水為進流水之最適清洗策略為物理及化學(氫氧化鈉)雙重清洗所得的效果最佳。以地下水為進流水之薄膜最適清洗策略為物理及化學(次氯酸鈉)雙重清洗所得的效果最佳。在連續過濾期間，菌類的衍生物可通過薄膜孔洞附著在薄膜表面孳生，加入次氯酸鈉藥劑清洗程序，即可有效的清除薄膜上所附著的菌類衍生物，且可使薄膜上含有次氯酸鈉藥劑，進行過濾就可以有效的阻隔大腸桿菌群與其他菌種。在處理總溶解有機碳含量極高的原水，則必需考慮鼓風機開啟的必要性，若進流水中含大量的厭氧菌，在未曝氣的薄膜槽會因溶氣下降導致菌數孳生。
最後，建議政府應於某些偏遠無自來水供應之地區輔導及協助社區興建簡易自來水設施，作為解決自來水無法配送供應地區的權宜之策。

Membrane filtration is emerging as an efficient technique in water treatment. It could effectively remove a number of organic and inorganic pollution without large amount of chemical additives and control the production of by-products and precursors in disinfection.
Mountain water, ground water and river water of Taiwan are mainly discussed in this experiment. Two major works have been done in the thesis. The complex ingredients including organics and inorganics in different raw waters have been analyzed and studied their effects to the membrane filtration. The falling tendencies due to organics or inorganics from each of raw water have been researched by sampling the membrane under different filtration days.
Most of reversible fallings could be removed by physical washing. Irreversible fallings should be reduced to prolong the lifetime of membrane, sodium hypochlorite is suggested for raw water containing higher amount of polysaccharide and sodium hydroxide for humic acid to have better performance of back flushing.
Based on these concepts, the optimal backwash procedures of membrane for different raw waters have been proposed. The milliQ-NaOH dual physical and chemical method is suitable for river water as source to have best backwash performance and so dose millQ-NaOCl method for ground water.
During continuous filtration, bacterial could through its extracellular secretion attach to the membrane surface and breed. These attachments can be efficiently removed by adding sodium hypochlorite into backwash procedure and sodium hypochlorite will maintain on membrane surface to form a protection layer to cut off E. coil and other bacterial.
It is necessary to turn on the blower when dealing with water containing high anaerobic bacterial to prevent the breed of these bacterial due to decreased dissolved oxygen.
At the end, government can apply membrane filtration technique to supply clean and safe water to those remote areas.

摘 要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目 錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究架構 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1臺灣簡易自來水現況 5
2.1.1 水源分析 5
2.1.2 處理流程 6
2.1.3 供水人口 7
2.1.4 使用年限 7
2.1.5 水質狀況 7
2.2 薄膜種類 8
2.2.1 薄膜材質 8
2.2.2 薄膜種類 8
2.2.3 薄膜模組 9
2.3 薄膜過濾機制 11
2.3.1 薄膜過濾方式及流動狀態 11
2.3.2 過濾阻塞機制 12
2.4 薄膜清洗策略 13
第三章 研究方法與設備 14
3.1 IS WATER 14
3.2實驗藥品及材料 17
3.3實驗設備與裝置 19
3.4實驗方法與流程 22
3.4.1 清洗策略 22
3.4.2 端點過濾 22
3.4.3 螢光激發-散射光譜儀 23
3.4.4 非揮發性總溶解有機碳分析 23
3.4.5 粒徑分析 24
3.4.6 濁度分析 24
3.4.7 傅立葉紅外線光譜分析 24
3.4.8水中大腸桿菌群檢測方法—濾膜法 24
3.4.9水中總菌落數檢測方法－濾膜法 25
第四章 實驗結果與討論 26
4.1 薄膜處理不同進流水之過濾效能 26
4.1.1山泉水 26
4.1.1.1參數設定 27
4.1.1.2 進流水水質對薄膜過濾之影響 27
4.1.1.3 結論 32
4.1.2 河水 32
4.1.2.1參數設定 33
4.1.2.2進流水水質對薄膜過濾之影響-鼓風機開 34
4.1.2.3進流水水質對薄膜過濾之影響-鼓風機關 39
4.1.2.4 結論 45
4.1.3 地下水-新北市三芝區 46
4.1.3.1參數設定 46
4.1.3.2進流水水質對薄膜過濾之影響 47
4.1.3.3 結論 61
4.2 鼓風機影響 62
4.2.1 鼓風機對於透膜壓力之影響 62
4.2.2 鼓風機對於顆粒粒徑分布之探討 63
4.2.3 鼓風機對於有機物特性之探討 64
4.2.4 結論 67
4.3 進流水特性對薄膜積垢及薄膜清洗之影響 68
4.3.1 藥劑清洗對薄膜積垢之影響 68
4.3.2 河水對薄膜積垢及薄膜清洗之影響 72
4.3.2.1 物理清洗之影響 72
4.3.2.2 化學清洗之影響 77
4.3.3 地下水對薄膜積垢及薄膜清洗之影響 87
4.3.3.1 物理清洗之影響 87
4.3.3.2 化學清洗之影響 91
4.3.4 生物性積垢 102
4.4 經濟評估 107
4.4.1 士林區溪山里 108
4.4.2 三芝區橫山國小 111
第五章 結論與建議 113
符號彙整 115
參考文獻 116

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