臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在近幾年來，創意的重要性逐年增加，而創意又與個人的認知有相當大的關係，倘若能在創意發想的過程中，給予適當的刺激物，則有助於刺激個人的認知，並促進創新想法的產生。文章的目的是在於傳遞思想給其他人，倘若內容平乏無趣，毫無創意，則難以讓人留下深刻印象，因此創意在作文中也是相當重要的。
相關研究指出，透過不同種類字詞的刺激，能增加產生創新點子的機會。而在團體創意發想方法中的電子式腦力激盪法，刺激創意所產生的效果比談話式腦力激盪法的效果更加出色。我們希望藉由這兩者的結合，研究在思考過程中產生的字詞，是否能夠提升創意發想的程度。
本研究建置一個電子式腦力激盪系統，讓小組進行腦力激盪，並加入了視覺化的圖示輔助連接字詞並記錄個人的思考，除了讓使用者先以題目關鍵字進行聯想之外，也加入對於題目不同方向的引導問題，提出參與者的想法，藉以研究在思考過程中所產生的字詞是否能夠有效地刺激使用者的個人認知，以及影響團隊間其他成員的認知，進而增加使用者本身的創意程度。
邀請了五十六位大學生及校外人士參與實驗。實驗結果顯示，使用本系統輔助創意發想的受試者，在三次實驗後所產生立意在創意度以及獨創性上，與對照組有顯著的差異。

In recent year, the importance of creativity in the world is crucial. Creativity is in connection with individual cognition. If a student can get priming when he is thinking, it is beneficial to alter his cognition and improve idea generation and creativity. Purpose of articles is to transfers thinking and viewpoint to other. Without creativity, an article is difficult to make a profound impression on reader. Therefore, creativity is also important in article.
In the related research, there is evidence to suggest that different type of word can enhance opportunity to produce creative idea. Verbal brainstorming is the most used technique to develop creative ideas in group. However, researches indicate that experimental subjects generated more creative idea in electronic brainstorming (EBS). We want to combine above two elements to research on the effect of improving creativity when using EBS with word priming of the words produced during thinking process.
In order to know whether the word priming can be used to influence individual cognition, increase idea quantity and alter group cognition, in this research, we developed a web-based EBS system for group brainstorming through word priming of the words produced during thinking process. Besides, we also developed visualized icon into the system to support experimental subjects to connect their idea with word priming and record their thinking.

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 viii
一、 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 研究動機 2
1-3 研究目標 4
1-4 研究問題與對策 4
1-5 論文架構 5
二、 相關理論與研究 6
2-1 寫作相關研究 6
2-1-1 寫作歷程 6
2-1-2 立意主旨 7
2-2 腦力激盪法(Brainstorming) 9
2-2-1 腦力激盪法介紹 9
2-2-2 SIAM 理論(Search for Ideas in Associative Memory) 11
2-3 字詞刺激創意 13
2-4 Making Thinking Visible 14
三、 系統設計與實作 15
3-1 系統設計 15
3-2 系統架構 17
3-3 系統實作 18
四、 實驗與結果分析 30
4-1 實驗對象 30
4-2 實驗目的 30
4-3 實驗假設 30
4-4 實驗教材 31
4-5 實驗流程 31
4-5-1 實驗組實驗流程 31
4-5-2 對照組實驗流程 33
4-6 評估設計 35
4-6-1 學習成效分析 35
4-6-2 問卷 35
4-7 實驗結果與分析 36
4-7-1 學習成效結果分析 36
4-7-2 問卷結果分析 38
4-8 討論 49
五、 結論與未來研究 50
5-1 結論 50
5-2 未來研究 51
附錄一、實驗組系統各步驟問題 56
附錄二、實驗組實驗流程 57
附錄三、對照組實驗流程 58
附錄四、對照組實驗教材-創意寫作書籍目錄 59
附錄五、對照組實驗教材-部分範文佳作一 60
附錄六、對照組實驗教材-部分範文佳作二 61
附錄七、實驗組問卷 62
附錄八、對照組問卷 71

中文參考文獻
﹝1﹞ 陳龍安, 創造思考教學的理論與實際. 台北: 心理出版社, 2006.
﹝2﹞ 教育部, 國民中小學九年一貫課程正式綱要. 台北: 教育部, 2003.
﹝3﹞ 教育部, 創造力教育白皮書. 台北: 教育部, 2002.
﹝4﹞ 教育部, 十二年國民基本教育課程綱要總綱. 臺北市: 教育部, 2014.
﹝5﹞ 江惜美, 國語文教學論集. 台北: 萬卷樓, 1998.
﹝6﹞ 林建平, 寫作的創意教室. 台北: 心理, 1994.
﹝10﹞ 蔡榮昌, 作文教學探究. 國立高雄師範大學國文研究所碩士論文 (未出版), 1979.
﹝11﹞ 大學招生委員會聯合會, 學科能力測驗與指定科目考試國文作文分項式評分指標. 台北: 大學招生委員會聯合會, 2011.
﹝14﹞ 陳滿銘, 作文教學指導. 台北: 萬卷樓, 1994.
﹝15﹞ 陳伯軒, 命題作文的深度審題與多元思考. 長庚人文社會學報, 2013. 6(1): p. 99-121.
﹝16﹞ 黃思華, 劉遠楨, and 謝筱梅, 限制式寫作互動引導作文網站對學生寫作之研究. 課程與教學, 2010. 13(3): p. 193-217.
﹝17﹞ 孫良璧, 創造思考寫作教學之行動研究. 臺灣師範大學創造力發展碩士在職專班學位論文, 2011: p. 1-162.
﹝18﹞ 何貞慧, 六頂思考帽在國小五年級寫作教學之應用. 國立臺北教育大學語文與創作學系學位論文, 2011: p. 1-266.
﹝19﹞ 劉又榛, 心智圖運用在國小四年級學生中文記敘文寫作教學之研究. 玄奘大學應用外語學系碩士學位論文, 2013: p. 1-295.
﹝20﹞ 陳可欣, 戴汝卉, 吳清麟, and 陳學志, 想像力技法融入寫作教學課程設計暨效果評估. 創造學刊, 2014. 5(2): p. 25-47.
﹝21﹞ 曾鼎元, 支援作文立意發想之群體合作創意平台; A computer supported collaborative writing system to enhance creativity in article topic. 國立中央大學資訊工程學系碩士學位論文, 2014: p. 1-66.
﹝27﹞ 陳龍安, 創造思考的策略與技法. 教育資料集刊第 30 集, 2005: p. 201-221.
﹝56﹞ 琹涵、陳亞南, 琹涵老師寫作教室──創意，點石成金. 台北：正中, 2008.
英文參考文獻
﹝7﹞ Turner, T.N., Creative Activities Resource Book for Elementary School Teachers. 1978.
﹝8﹞ Weick, K.E., Sensemaking in organizations. Vol. 3. 1995: Sage.
﹝9﹞ Rohman, D.G., Pre-writing the stage of discovery in the writing process. College composition and communication, 1965: p. 106-112.
﹝12﹞ Arias, E.G. and G. Fischer, Boundary objects: their role in articulating the task at hand and making information relevant to it. 2000.
﹝13﹞ Flower, L. and J.R. Hayes, A cognitive process theory of writing. College composition and communication, 1981: p. 365-387.
﹝22﹞ Flower, L., The construction of negotiated meaning: A social cognitive theory of writing. 1994: SIU Press.
﹝23﹞ Robertson, J., The effectiveness of a virtual role-play environment as a preparation activity for story writing. 2000.
﹝24﹞ Chong, S.X., C.-S. Lee, and J. Abdullah. Creative writing: A study investigating factors influencing creativity in writing and their outcomes. in Proceedings of the 18th international conference on computers in education. 2010.
﹝25﹞ Lai, A.-F. and S.-T. Chiu. Integrating Mobile Device and Collaborative Mind Map to Enhance Sixth Graders' Creative Writing Abilities. in Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on. 2013. IEEE.
﹝26﹞ Batty, C. and J. Sinclair, Peer-to-peer learning in the higher degree by research context: A creative writing case study. New Writing, 2014. 11(3): p. 335-346.
﹝28﹞ Osborn, A.F., Applied Imagination; Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem-solving: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem-solving. 1963: Scribner.
﹝29﹞ Dugosh, K.L. and P.B. Paulus, Cognitive and social comparison processes in brainstorming. Journal of experimental social psychology, 2005. 41(3): p. 313-320.
﹝30﹞ Dugosh, K.L., P.B. Paulus, E.J. Roland, and H.-C. Yang, Cognitive stimulation in brainstorming. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2000. 79(5): p. 722.
﹝31﹞ Nijstad, B.A., W. Stroebe, and H.F. Lodewijkx, Cognitive stimulation and interference in groups: Exposure effects in an idea generation task. Journal of experimental social psychology, 2002. 38(6): p. 535-544.
﹝32﹞ Bartis, S., K. Szymanski, and S.G. Harkins, Evaluation and Performance A Two-Edged Knife. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1988. 14(2): p. 242-251.
﹝33﹞ Michinov, N. and C. Primois, Improving productivity and creativity in online groups through social comparison process: New evidence for asynchronous electronic brainstorming. Computers in human behavior, 2005. 21(1): p. 11-28.
﹝34﹞ Diehl, M. and W. Stroebe, Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of a riddle. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1987. 53(3): p. 497.
﹝35﹞ Latane, B., K. Williams, and S. Harkins, Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1979. 37(6): p. 822.
﹝36﹞ Gallupe, R.B., L.M. Bastianutti, and W.H. Cooper, Unblocking brainstorms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991. 76(1): p. 137.
﹝37﹞ Nunamaker, J.F., A.R. Dennis, J.S. Valacich, D. Vogel, and J.F. George, Electronic meeting systems. Communications of the ACM, 1991. 34(7): p. 40-61.
﹝38﹞ Gallupe, R.B., A.R. Dennis, W.H. Cooper, J.S. Valacich, L.M. Bastianutti, and J.F. Nunamaker, Electronic brainstorming and group size. Academy of Management Journal, 1992. 35(2): p. 350-369.
﹝39﹞ Dennis, A.R. and J.S. Valacich, Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. Journal of applied psychology, 1993. 78(4): p. 531.
﹝40﹞ Drèze, X. and F.X. Hussherr, Internet advertising: Is anybody watching? Journal of interactive marketing, 2003. 17(4): p. 8-23.
﹝41﹞ Amabile, T.M., Creativity in context: Update to" the social psychology of creativity.". 1996: Westview press.
﹝42﹞ Nijstad, B.A. and W. Stroebe, How the group affects the mind: A cognitive model of idea generation in groups. Personality and social psychology review, 2006. 10(3): p. 186-213.
﹝43﹞ Raaijmakers, J.G. and R.M. Shiffrin, Search of associative memory. Psychological review, 1981. 88(2): p. 93.
﹝44﹞ Rietzschel, E.F., B.A. Nijstad, and W. Stroebe, Relative accessibility of domain knowledge and creativity: The effects of knowledge activation on the quantity and originality of generated ideas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2007. 43(6): p. 933-946.
﹝45﹞ Kahai, S.S., E. Carroll, and R. Jestice, Team collaboration in virtual worlds. ACM SIGMIS Database, 2007. 38(4): p. 61-68.
﹝46﹞ Collins, A.M. and E.F. Loftus, A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological review, 1975. 82(6): p. 407.
﹝47﹞ Guo, J. and P.L. McLeod, The Impact of Semantic Relevance and Heterogeneity of Pictorial Stimuli on Individual Brainstorming: An Extension of the SIAM Model. Creativity Research Journal, 2014. 26(3): p. 361-367.
﹝48﹞ Iyer, L.R., S. Doboli, A.A. Minai, V.R. Brown, D.S. Levine, and P.B. Paulus, Neural dynamics of idea generation and the effects of priming. Neural Networks, 2009. 22(5): p. 674-686.
﹝49﹞ Dennis, A.R., R.K. Minas, and A.P. Bhagwatwar, Sparking creativity: improving electronic brainstorming with individual cognitive priming. Journal of Management Information Systems, 2013. 29(4): p. 195-216.
﹝50﹞ Malaga, R.A., The effect of stimulus modes and associative distance in individual creativity support systems. Decision Support Systems, 2000. 29(2): p. 125-141.
﹝51﹞ Chiu, I. and L. Shu. Understanding the use of language stimuli in concept generation. in ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. 2007. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
﹝52﹞ Chiu, I. and L. Shu, Using language as related stimuli for concept generation. AI EDAM: Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing, 2007. 21(02): p. 103-121.
﹝53﹞ Chiu, I. and L. Shu, Investigating effects of oppositely related semantic stimuli on design concept creativity. Journal of Engineering Design, 2012. 23(4): p. 271-296.
﹝54﹞ Ritchhart, R., M. Church, and K. Morrison, Making thinking visible: How to promote engagement, understanding, and independence for all learners. 2011: John Wiley & Sons.
﹝55﹞ Murray, D.M., A writer teaches writing. 1985: Houghton Mifflin College Division.