臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

都市的形成源自於人類的群體生活，都市化則是近年來十分熱門的議題之一，其所代表的是人類大規模的集居狀態。然而過急的都市化也一樣帶來許多問題，例如熱島效應、環境污染、綠地面積減少、生態多樣性降低、大面積的不透水鋪面引起水患等。有鑑於此，許多的規劃設計者、管理單位，開始構思是否有與環境和平共存的方式，不要以改變自然的傳統思維去營造生活的都市空間，而是強調師法自然，創造環境共生的最終價值。其中，都市化對水環境之影響即為重要且急需解決的項目之一。本研究即據此應用鏤空結構式透水的景觀鋪面評估強降雨環境影響，以都市不透水鋪面為問題主軸，量化分析透水性景觀鋪面所能產生之相對效應。具體建置模場分析，以混凝土等不透水材質、草地、植草磚及高壓磚等透水鋪面，比較都市地表較常見的表層形式可能形成之透水效果與地表逕流、最適當的結構與保水層、滲流效果、熱環境及生態多樣性等環境評估試驗分析。研究顯示，透過鏤空式澆築工法所設置之透水鋪面，可兼具高強度與良好的滯水效果(約74L/m2)，若能搭配雨水回收系統的設置，可有效延緩35~37分鐘的逕流產生時間。傾角4度試驗時，草地與高壓磚鋪面均未產生地表逕流；植草磚受排列影響，入滲量減少6.8%~10.2%；而高壓磚於傾角試驗中均未形成地表逕流。鋪面表面溫度易受材質及顏色影響，相差約7℃。降雨後，空氣層溫度受材質蒸散作用影響，使溫度維持穩定，如高壓磚和植草磚效果較佳，約低於其他模組0.6~1.5℃。此外經NGS分析，透水鋪面土壤中的微生物，相較於混凝土更貼近於草地的狀況，其成長及發展趨勢相似度達20%以上；前1%的菌相變化與草地相似，使整體生態更為多樣完整。CFD流體模擬結果發現，鋪面鏤空式結構能減少49%的雨水入滲速度，使底層結構減緩衝擊，進而有效避免地基掏空。研究成果將有助於未來在設計規劃端之實際參考依據，減少都市化與極端氣候影響，並讓設計的結果更能貼近友善環境需求。

Cities result from the group life of human beings, and as one of the hot issues in recent years, urbanization represents a massive human settlement. However, rapid urbanization also brings many problems such as heat island effect, environmental pollution, decreased green areas, reduced biodiversity and floods arising from large area of impermeable pavement. In view of this, many planners and management units start to think about the way to peacefully coexist with the environment, by creating the urban living space without changing the traditional thinking of the nature but emphasizing learning from nature and creating the ultimate value of environment symbiosis. Among them, the impact of urbanization on water environment is one of the most important and urgent problems to be resolved. On this basis, this study applies hollow-structured permeable landscape pavement to evaluating the impact of heavy rainfall environment and focuses on the main problem of urban impermeable pavement to quantitatively analyze the relative effects of permeable landscape pavement. To be specific, mode fields are established for analysis, impermeable material such as concrete and permeable pavement such as grassland, grass-planting brick and high-pressure brick are used to compare the permeable effect and surface runoff, the most appropriate structure and water-retaining layer, seepage effect and heat environment and ecological diversity possibly formed by the common urban surfaces for environmental assessment experiment and analysis. The study show that the permeable pavement established by the hollow pouring method has both high strength and good water retention effect (about 74L/m2), and the runoff generation time of 35-37 minutes can be effectively reduced if a rainwater recycling system is equipped with. In the experiment with the inclination angle of 4°, grassland and high-pressure brick pavement produce no surface runoff; the infiltration of grass-planting brick is decreased by 6.8%-10.2% due to the impact of arrangement; No surface runoff is formed in the inclination experiment of high-pressure brick. The pavement surface temperature is easily affected by materials and colors with the difference of 7℃. After rainfalls, affected by evapotranspiration of materials, the temperature of the air layer remains stable, for example, high-pressure brick and grass-planting brick have better effect, which is about 0.6-1.5℃ lower than other modules. In addition, according to NGS analysis, the microorganisms in the permeable pavement soil are more closely related to those in grassland than concrete, with 20% similarity of the growth and development trend; the bacteria phase change in the top 1% are similar with those in grassland, which makes the whole ecology more diverse and complete. The results of CFD fluid simulation show that hollow pavement structure can reduce the rainfall penetration rate by 49%, thus reducing the impact of the underlying structure and effectively avoiding the foundation being emptied. The study results will be helpful to provide practical reference for design and planning in the future, to reduce impact of urbanization and extreme climate and to make the design results closer to the demands of friendly environment.

摘 要 i
Abstract ii
致 謝 iv
目 錄 v
圖 目 錄 viii
表 目 錄 xii
一、緒論 1
　1.1研究動機 1
　1.2研究目的 3
二、文獻回顧 4
　2.1都市化產生的環境問題 4
　　2.1.1 透水鋪面對於環境的效益 5
　　2.1.2 透水鋪面發展面臨的問題 8
　2.2 透水鋪面的建置 9
　　2.2.1 面層 9
　　2.2.2 過濾層 11
　　2.2.3 蓄水層 12
　　2.2.4 路基層 13
　2.3 降雨模擬系統 14
　　2.3.1 降雨模擬系統類型 14
　　2.3.2 降雨模擬資料驗證 15
三、研究方法 17
　3.1 研究範圍 18
　　3.1.1 研究範圍環境氣候特性 19
　3.2 降雨模擬系統 20
　　3.2.1 加壓系統 21
　　3.2.2 降雨噴頭 22
　3.3降雨模擬系統驗證 24
　　3.3.1 降雨規模 24
　　3.3.2 降雨分布 25
　3.4 實驗模組建置 28
　　3.4.1 實驗試體框架 29
　　3.4.2 實驗試體 30
　3.5 模組數值監測 39
　　3.5.1 水文參數監測 40
　　3.5.2 熱環境監測 45
　　3.5.3 數據收集 49
　　3.5.4 生物多樣性監測 50
四、研究結果與討論 53
　4.1 模組參數率定 53
　　4.1.1 降雨模組驗證 54
　　4.1.2 實驗期間降雨數值 58
　　4.1.3 鋪面單元模組修正 60
　4.2 鋪面結構分析 63
　　4.2.1 各鋪面結構分析 63
　　4.2.2 各鋪面結構對照分析 72
　4.3 不同坡度下水文參數監測 77
　　4.3.1 各鋪面水文分析 78
　　4.3.2 各鋪面0.5度傾角下對照分析 90
　　4.3.3 各鋪面4度傾角下對照分析 97
　　4.3.4 各鋪面11度傾角下對照分析 107
　4.4 熱環境監測 117
　　4.4.1 低溫度變化 119
　　4.4.2 高溫度變化 123
　　4.4.3 鋪面冷熱交替的變化 127
　　4.4.4 降雨後之熱環境 131
　4.5 生物多樣性監測 135
　　4.5.1 樣品檢測分析 135
　　4.5.2 樣本前處理及品質檢測 137
　　4.5.3 NGS微生物分析結果 139
　　4.5.4 前1%目標菌種 143
　4.6 模擬分析對照 145
　　4.6.1 基本假設 145
　　4.6.2 模型及網格設定 146
　　4.6.3 模型方程 147
　　4.6.4 材料屬性與邊界條件 148
　　4.6.5 地表逕流與模擬結果對照 149
　　4.6.6 結構改變之比較 150
五、研究結論與建議 152
　5.1 研究結論 152
　5.2 研究建議 154
六、參考文獻 156

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