臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The objectives of this thesis are the development of mass spectrometer for the detection of high mass protein ions generated by matrix assisted laser desorption /ionization (MALDI) by a charge detector coupled to rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass analyser, ion velocity measurements with/without quadrupole electric fields, and study the influence of collisional cooling/focusing on high mass protein ions transported with multi-quadrupole ion guides.
Conventional linear ion trap mass analyzers (LIT-MS) provide high ion capacity and show their MSn ability; however, the detection of high mass MALDI ions with LIT-MS is still challenging because the secondary electron detectors (SED) cannot detect high mass ions. We couple a charge detector (CD) to a rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer (RIT-MS) to detect protein ions ranging from m/z of ~12,327 Th (Cytochrome C) to m/z of ~150,000 Th (Immunoglobulin G) by mass selective instability scan (boundary ejection). Further we improve ion ejection efficiency and mass resolution of the CD RIT-MS by utilizing dipolar resonance ejection. We found the ion intensity of protein ions using resonance ejection is increased by a factor of 3-5 as compared to those ions ejected by boundary ejection method. In addition to dipolar resonance ejection, we also use 2′, 5′- dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) matrix for MALDI sample preparation and generate high charge state (2+, 3+, 4+) protein ions. The multiply charged ions observed with DHAP matrix makes the identification of high mass ions easier.
Next, the influence of fringing field and collision cooling on the transmission of MALDI ions passing through multi-quadrupole ion guides are also investigated. The ion velocity measurements with and without quadrupole electric fields are carried out by multi-quadrupole RF-only ion guides. The influence of collisional cooling/focusing on the reduction of ion kinetic energy and ion transportation of high mass MALDI protein ions up to m/z ~150 kTh with multi-quadrupole ion guides are studied and reported.
Finally, the multiply charged ions generation with DHAP matrix is found useful to increase the charge number of ions which help the identification of high m/z protein ions (>100 kTh) generated by with a CD RIT-MS. The CD RIT-MS might potentially be used to study macromolecules ion/ion chemistry for manipulating charge states where final product ion mostly carries few charges and to rapidly measure and quantify high mass protein ions over broad mass range.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………..I
ABSTRACT..............................................................VII
LIST OF FIGURES............................................XV
LIST OF TABLES......................................XXIII
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS..............................................XXV
CHAPTER 1 Introduction of Quadrupole Ion Trap, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) and Ion Detector................1
1.1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………1
1.2. Quadrupoles Ion Traps……………………………………………….4
1.2.1. Ion Motion in 2D Quadrupole Fields...…………………………5
1.2.2. The Pseudopotential Well Model for Quadrupole Mass Filters (QMF)……………………………………………………………………………………………10
1.2.3. Collision Cooling………………………………………………..……...10
1.2.4. Ion Motion in 2D Quadrupole Mass Filters (ion guide)………13
1.3. 2D Ion Traps: Linear ion Trap (LIT)..………………………………..14
1.3.1. The mass selective stability scan…………………………………….15
1.3.2. The mass selective instability scan…………………………….15
1.3.2.1. The mass selective instability scan with Resonant excitation…………………………………………………………………16
1.3.2.1.1. Radial Ion Ejection………………………………....………..17
1.3.2.1.2. Axial Ion Ejection……………………….…………………...18
1.4. Rectilinear Ion Trap (RIT)………………………………………19
1.5. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)………………20
1.5.1. Working Principles of MALDI……………….…………………….......21
1.6. Detector………………………………………………………………………24
1.6.1. Secondary Electron Detector (SED): Electron Multiplier detector24
1.6.1.1. Discrete dynode electron multiplier ………………………25
1.6.1.2. Continuous dynode electron multiplier ……………………26
1.6.2. Destructive Charge detector (CD)………………………………….…..27
1.7. Thesis Objectives…………………………………………………………28

CHAPTER 2 High Mass Ion Detection with Charge Detector Coupled to Rectilinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer............................…31
2.1.Introduction……………………………………………………………….....31
2.2. Experimental Section..…………………………………………………….34
2.2.1. Instrument……………....…..…………………………34
2.2.2. Electronics………………………………………………………….…..35
2.2.3. Vacuum System………………………………………………………...36
2.2.4. Ion Source…………………………………………….……………...…37
2.2.5. Detectors………………………………………………………………..37
2.2.5.1. Secondary Electron Detector (SED)…………………38
2.2.5.2. Charge Detector (CD)……………………………………......38
2.2.6. Samples and sample preparation.…………………………39
2.2.7. Parameters for ion trapping and cooling……………………….40
2.2.8. Ion injection with increasing RF field: Dynamic RF Trapping…41
2.3. Removal of RF noise in a voltage-scan RIT-MS…………………….43
2.3.1. Noise reduction by skin effect (copper cap shielding)……43
2.3.2. Removal of RF noise interference by orthogonal wavelet packet
decomposition (OWPD) algorithm…..…………………………45
2.4. Results and Discussions……………………………………………………46
2.4.1. Mass analysis of low mass ions with m/z ~ 1 kTh..…………………46
2.4.2. Mass analysis of protein ions with m/z ~ 10 kTh………….49
2.4.3. Mass analysis of Bovine serum albumin (BSA): m/z ~ 66 kTh....54
2.4.4. Mass analysis of Immunoglobulin G (IgG): m/z ~ 150 kTh....…56
2.4.5. Comparison of the detection efficiency of the CD and the SED58
2.5.Conclusions………………………………………………………..............61

CHAPTER 3 Analyzing High m/z Protein Ions with a Charge Detection Rectilinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer by Dipolar Resonance Ejection…63
3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….63
3.2. Experimental Section..……………………………………………………65
3.2.1. General Information of CD RIT-MS Experimental Setup ……….65
3.2.2. Microflex II MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer ….………………….…67
3.2.3. Samples and sample preparation..……………………………………...68
3.3. Results and Discussions………………………………………….69
3.3.1. Mass analysis of cytochrome C : m/z ~ 12,327 Th …………………69
3.3.2. Mass analysis of Bovine serum albumin (BSA): m/z ~ 66 kTh……72
3.3.3. Mass analysis Immunoglobulin G (IgG): m/z ~ 150 kTh……………74
3.3.4. Mass analysis of Multiply charged protein ions ………….76
3.3.4.1. MALDI-TOF mass analysis of Multiply charged proteins..77
3.3.4.2. CD RIT-MS analysis of Multiply charged proteins……79
3.4.Conclusions………………………………………………………………........82

CHAPTER 4 Ion Velocities of Laser Desorbed Ions Passing through Quadrupole Electric Field region………………………………………………83
4.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………83
4.2.Theory……………………………………………………………………........85
4.3. Experimental Section..…………………………………………………88
4.3.1. Samples and sample preparation..……………………...88
4.3.2. Vacuum System………………………...……………………88
4.3.3. Ion Source………………………………….….……………………89
4.3.4. Detectors…………………………………………………………...…...89
4.3.4.1. Secondary Electron Detector (SED)……………………89
4.3.4.2. Charge Detector (CD)………………………………………..89
4.3.5. Experimental setup for Velocity measurement in electric field free region……………………………………………………………………………90
4.3.6. Experimental setup for Velocity measurement in presence of
electric field…………………………………………………………….91
4.3.7. Ion Optics…………………………………………......94
4.4. Results and Discussions……………………………………………………95
4.4.1. Initial ion velocity measurement…………………..………………95
4.4.2. Velocity measurement of ions with quadrupole electric fields98
4.5. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………105

CHAPTER 5 Quantitative measurement of High Mass MALDI Ions transmitted through RF only Multi-Quadrupoles and High Mass Ion Collisional Cooling.……………………………………………………………………………………………107
5.1.Introduction………………………………………………………………......107
5.2. Experimental Section…..…………………………………………….110
5.2.1. Samples and sample preparation..…………………………………….110
5.2.2. Vacuum System……………….………...……………………111
5.2.3. Ion Source..……………………………….………………….……......111
5.2.4. Experimental setup.…………………………………………………...112
5.3. Results and Discussions………………………………………………115
5.3.1. Effect of helium buffer gas on guiding BSA ions.…………………115
5.3.2. Effect of argon buffer gas on guiding BSA ions……………………120
5.3.3. Effect of argon buffer gas on guiding IgG ions..…………………123
5.3.4. BSA vs. IgG ions……………………………………………………...126
5.4. Future Plans………………………………………………………………127

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………........131

APPENDIX: Removal of RF Noise Interference by Orthogonal Wavelet Packet Decomposition (OWPD) Algorithm..………………………………………….……147
1.1. Orthogonal Wavelet Packet Decomposition …………………………..147
1.2. Removal of RF Field Interference..…………………….149
1.3. References……………………………………………………………………154

VITA………………………………………………………………………………….155

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