臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近幾年，石化產品之汽油、柴油及其他化學成品等高污染性的有機化合物在眝存和運輸方面十分頻繁而造成環境污染之事件層出不窮對於生態環境所造成的影響甚鉅。本研究所採用之生物復育技術是相當經濟且有效的油污染處理技術。利用污水廠之污泥予以堆肥後做為受柴油污染土壤的營養鹽和改良劑，模擬受柴油污染土壤現地復育之方式利用中央合成設計 (CCD) 與反應曲面法 (RSM) 作為實驗統計分析之工具，以摻合比 (濕重) 與水分含量作為實驗因子，再加上以溫度為正交區集設計，經由 MINITAB 統計軟體產生一反應曲面並探討獨立變數與反應變數之間的數學模式關係，探討其迴歸係數及變異數分析等相關數據並進行控制組之實驗分析。
由反應曲面結果可以知道生物降解最佳含水率範圍約在最大含水量之 20％-65％ 間，且可知摻合比分別在最高 (土壤和堆肥在濕基下，1:1 之重量摻合比例) 和最低 (土壤和堆肥在濕基下，1:0.1 之重量摻合比例) 摻合比中有最顯著之效果。而上述摻合比中可發現，在降解初期約 10 至 15 天中，產生較快的降解，降解率約 50至 55％，在最後20至30天，則有較緩慢之降解，降解率約 10 至 13％。由迴歸係數分析，可知含水率和摻合比無相互作用 (intereaction) 關係，但是溫度對生物之降解影響相當顯著，亦即在冬天進行現地復育時，降解效率會較差。從滅菌組實驗中可發現只有11％ 之降解效果，故可知本研究之降解過程，主要係生物降解所產生。由配適一階反應模式得知具有相當高之相關係數，故可知本研究之降解過程，可由一階反應模式表示，最適當之摻合比係為 1：0.1 (濕重)，且其動力常數 K 值大於未添加堆肥於土壤中之兩倍。

In recent years ,leakage of various petroleum hydrocarbons from underground storage tanks primarily at automobile service stations and from pipelines has been experienced at an alarming rate. It would became a environmental pollution accident. Bioremediation with compost is the most cost-effective clean-up technology for the treatment of diesel-contaminated soil. Central composite design (CCD) and response surface method (RSM) of bioremediation experiments were used to construct second order response surfaces for the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) degradation rate to investigate the effects of compost amendment. Fourteen fixed volume batch reactors were designed by central composite design (CCD). The CCD was applied with two design factors (mix ratio and water content) and a block orthogonally (temperature). The experiment data for the central composite design (CCD) was generated by MINITAB. Total cell counts in soil samples were stained by the dye, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
The results showed that TPH of contaminated soil decreased in all treatments during bioremediation process. Addition of compost to contaminated soil showed a more rapid TPH reduction that occurred in the early stage (within about 10-15 days), i.e. 50-55％ of TPH can be degraded. The 10-13％ TPH reduction was obtained in the final stage (within about 20-30 days) with a slower degradation rate. By Estimated Regression Coefficients for TPH, the interaction of mix ratio and water content was insignificant (P=0.868). The biological reaction in bioremediation process of the diesel contaminated soil was the major reaction, since the biocide (control experiment) was only 11％ TPH reduction. The data of the bioremediation process were well described by a first order model. The degradation rate constant of TPH in the appropriate mix ratio was two times greater than that of contaminated soil only.The appropriate mix ratio (wet weight basis) of contaminated soil and compost was 1 to 0.1.

摘要 I
英文摘要 III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究緣起 1
1-2 動機及目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 石油碳氫化合物之組成 4
2-2 柴油之基本性質 4
2-3 柴油在環境中之宿命 7
2-3-1 有機污染物在土壤及地下水中的傳輸 10
2-4 柴油污染對環境之危害 10
2-5 柴油污染和無機物污染對生物之影響 11
2-5-1 柴油污染對土壤微生物之影響 11
2-5-2 無機物污染對生物之影響 12
2-6 柴油對人類健康之影響 14
2-7 影響土壤微生物活性因子 14
2-8 污染場址之復育技術 20
2-8-1 現地處理 (In-situ treatment) 22
2-8-2 離地處理 (ex-situ treatment) 23
2-9 實驗設計方法介紹 24
2-9-1 中央合成設計 24
2-9-2 反應曲面法和區集劃分 25
第三章 實驗設備及實驗方法 27
3-1 研究流程 27
3-2 實驗方法 31
3-2-1 土壤和堆肥之基本性質分析 31
3-2-2 土壤 pH 值 31
3-2-3 土壤電導度測定 32
3-2-4 含水率 32
3-2-5 田間容水量 33
3-2-6 有機碳含量 33
3-2-7 土壤質地分析 34
3-2-8 陽離子交換容量 36
3-2-9 重金屬分析 36
3-3 受柴油污染土壤採樣及萃取方法 38
3-4 實驗中總石油碳氫化合物之 (TPHD) 分析 39
3-4-1 設備及材料 39
3-4-2 分析步驟 39
3-4-3 氣相層析分析 40
3-4-4 柴油成份分析 40
3-5 品質保證與品質管制 (QA/QC) 42
3-5-1 建立起始檢量線 42
3-5-2 檢量線的線性和確認 42
3-5-3 柴油類有機物 (Diesel range organics，DRO) 之外標準品校正 43
3-5-4 方法偵測極限 (Method Detection Limit, MDL) 44
3-5-5 空白樣品分析 (Blank) 44
3-5-6 重覆樣品分析 (Duplicate) 44
3-5-7 添加樣品分析 (Spike sample analysis) 44
3-6 生物菌數測定 45
3-6-1 分析方法 45
3-6-2 觀察 (Visualization) 45
3-7 實驗設備 47
3-7-1 反應槽 47
3-7 實驗設備及藥品 48
3-8 堆肥實驗 49
3-9 實驗設計與分析 52
3-10 單一因子之實驗規劃 57
3-10-1 TPHD 降解之動力模式探討 59
第四章 結果與討論 60
4-1 基本性質分析之結果 60
4-2 反應級數之探討 62
4-3 實驗設計結果 62
4-3-1 統計分析 63
4-3-2 配適二階模型之設計 63
4-3-3 模型適當性與常態性假設檢驗 72
4-4 單一因子實驗規劃結果 76
4-5 生物菌數結果 86
4-6 生物降解過程中之 EC、PH 之變化 89
4-7 品質保證與品質管制 (QA/QC) 92
4-7-1 檢量線配製 92
4-7-2 方法偵測極限 (Method detection limit) 92
4-7-3 空白分析 (Blank) 92
4-7-5 重覆分析 (Duplicate ) 93
4-7-6 添加樣品分析 (spike sample analysis) 93
第五章 結論與建議 97
5-1 結論 97
5-2 建議 99
第六章 參考文獻 100

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