臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要

在傑克‧倫敦《野性的呼喚》和《白牙》兩部小說中，除了呈現達爾文提出的物競天擇和適者生存外，也著重於刻畫人擇的重要性。在此篇論文中，主要探究的是人擇的重要性。《野性的呼喚》和《白牙》中的兩個主角，巴克和白牙，他們的生命演化深深受到人類所施予的負面權力及正面關愛影響，也因為人類給予他們的權力和愛，使他們無法下定決心回歸荒野；但是人類的正面關愛卻使得他們的性格和道德更開明和精鍊，對他們往後生命更添助益。此外，從巴克和白牙相反的演化進程，可以看出倫敦認為演化是一種循環的過程。
本論文共分五章。首章除了簡介倫敦的生平傳記以及重要作品外，也會概述此論文的研究動機和批評架構。第二章從尼采、傅柯、達爾文和愛力克珊卓‧霍洛維茲的觀點來詮釋巴克和白牙所經歷的粗劣人類權力以及他們相應的反抗。第三章首先討論傑弗瑞‧馬森和馬克‧德，對於狗是否能愛牠們的主人或飼養者意見的不同，接著應用埃里希‧弗羅姆、亞里斯多德、柏拉圖和魯伯特‧夏德瑞克的理論來解釋桑頓與史考特分享給巴克和白牙的父母之愛、友誼和柏拉圖之愛。第四章藉由探討兩部小說的電影版本，來呈現電影與原著小說之間，對於權力、愛以及演化主題相同與不同的處理，以及特別強調因為不同所帶來的互補效果和美學特質。第五章結論，一開始先點出倫敦對於犬類的循環和可塑演化觀是與赫胥黎良性的觀點較相符，而非與達爾文和史賓賽，接著總結以上所說的主題，最後強調犬類深受其人擇環境的影響，也就是人類的權力和愛；因此，物種被施予適當地對待和教養相當重要。以此，湯姆斯‧李寇納的道德推論標準可用在對於孩童以及犬類的指引，幫助他們一步步邁向更高的習慣與行為道德標準。

Abstract

In his two novels, The Call of the Wild and White Fang, Jack London not only presents Darwin’s concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest but also stresses the depiction of artificial selection, that is, evolutionary processes influenced by human intervention. This thesis mainly focuses on probing the influential role of human power and love on the canine species. Buck and White Fang, the two dog-protagonists in The Call of the Wild and White Fang, are deeply affected by negative human power and positive human love. Both of these restrict their freedom by either physical or emotional bonds, but it is positive human love that civilizes and refines their characters and guides them in their later development. Moreover, from the opposite evolutionary courses of Buck and White Fang, we see that London’s view of canine evolution is a cyclical one.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. In Chapter One, besides introducing the biography and the major works of London, the inclusion of outlining the motivation and the critical framework of the thesis are necessary. In Chapter Two, the theories of Nietzsche, Foucault Darwin and Alexandra Horowitz are applied to interpret the coarse discipline of human power that Buck and White Fang must submit to and their own responsive power in resisting it. In Chapter Three, Jeffrey Masson and Mark Derr’s debate over canine love for their human masters or breeders are firstly discussed and the theories of Erich Fromm, Aristotle, Plato and Rupert Sheldrake are secondly applied to explain the parental/filial love, friendship and platonic love which Thornton and Scott share with Buck and White Fang. In Chapter Four, movie versions of the two texts are presented for the purpose of showing both their similar and different handling of the themes of power, love and evolution, while especially emphasizing the effect of a complementary and diverse aesthetic ethos because of their different perspectives. In Chapter Five, I firstly point out that London’s view of canine evolution is a cyclical and plastic one which conforms more to Huxley’s benign view, rather than the contentions of Darwin and Spencer; then, I briefly summarize the former chapters. Finally, it is concluded with the argument that the canine species is strongly affected by artificial selection, namely human power and love, so it is crucial that they be treated and nurtured properly. For this argument, I make reference to Thomas Lickona’s stages of moral reasoning, which is especially applicable in guiding children and gauging canines’ progress toward higher moral standards of habit and behavior.

Table of Contents

Chapter One: Introduction ……………………………………………………..…..1
Ⅰ. Motivation …………………………………………………………..….….…8
Ⅱ. Critical Framework ………………………………………………………….10
A. Power and Resistance in The Call of the Wild and White Fang ……….......10
1. Power and Resistance in The Call of the Wild …………….……………..11
2. Power and Resistance in White Fang …………………..………………..12
B. Love in The Call of the Wild and White Fang ……………………………..12
1. Love in The Call of the Wild ……………………….……………………13
a. Buck’s Love within Freedom …………………………………………14
2. Love in White Fang …………………………….………………………..14
C. Natural Selection and Artificial Selection in The Call of the Wild and White Fang ………………………………………………….………………….....15
Chapter Two: Power and Resistance in The Call of the Wild and White Fang ………………………………………………………………………………....18
Ⅰ. The Theoretical Background of Nietzschean Morality …………….………..18
A. Nietzschean Morality in The Call of the Wild …………...……………….20
B. Nietzschean Morality in White Fang ……………………………….…….23
Ⅱ. The Theoretical Background of Foucauldian Power and Resistance ………..25
A. Foucauldian Power and Resistance in The Call of the Wild ………...……27
B. Foucauldian Power and Resistance in White Fang ……………………….29
Ⅲ. The Theoretical Background of Darwinian Natural Selection and Artificial Selection ……………………………………………………………………..33
A. Darwinian Natural Selection and Artificial Selection in The Call of the Wild …………………………………………….………………………….34
B. Darwinian Natural Selection and Artificial Selection in White Fang …….36
Ⅳ. A Summary of Nietzschean and Foucauldian Ideas ……………………....…38
Chapter Three: Love in The Call of the Wild and White Fang …………………………………………………………………………………42
Ⅰ. Can Dogs Love Their Human Breeders Spontaneously? ……………………42
Ⅱ. Theoretical Background of Erich Fromm’s Parental Love ………………….44
A. Erich Fromm’s Parental Love in The Call of the Wild …………...………47
B. Erich Fromm’s Parental Love in White Fang …………………………….48
Ⅲ. Theoretical Background of Friendship: From the Perspective of Dog’s Senses …………………………………………………………………….….50
A. Friendship in The Call of the Wild: From the Perspective of Dog’s Senses ……………………………………...…………………………….54
B. Friendship in White Fang: From the Perspective of Dog’s Senses ………56
Ⅳ. Theoretical Background of Friendship: From Aristotle’s Perspective …………………………………………………………….…….57
A. Friendship in The Call of the Wild: From Aristotle’s Perspective …….….60
B. Friendship in White Fang: From Aristotle’s Perspective ………...………61
Ⅴ. Theoretical Background of Platonic Love …………..……………...……….63
A. Platonic Love in The Call of the Wild ……………………………………64
1. Buck’s Love within Freedom …………………………………………..65
B. Platonic Love in White Fang ………………………………….………….66
Ⅵ. Comparison of The Call of the Wild with “To Build a Fire” ………...………68
Ⅶ. Comparison between White Fang and “Diable—A Dog” ……………...……70
Chapter Four: Power and Love in the Movie Versions of The Call of the Wild and White Fang …………………………………………...…………………….……….73
Ⅰ. The Call of the Wild (1972): Its Presentation of Power and Love …………..76
A. Its Presentation of Power …………………...…………………………….76
B. Its Presentation of Love …………………………………………………..78
C. Its Presentation of Evolution ……………………………………………..80
D. Conclusion ……………………………………..………………………....81
Ⅱ. The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon (1997): Its Presentation of Power and Love ………………………………………………………………………….82
A. Its Presentation of Power …………………………………………………82
B. Its Presentation of Love …………………………………………………..84
C. Its Presentation of Evolution ……………………………………………..86
D. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..87
Ⅲ. White Fang (1991): Its Presentation of Power and Love ……………………89
A. Its Presentation of Power …………………………………………………89
B. Its Presentation of Love …………………………………………………..93
C. Its Presentation of Evolution ……………………………………………..95
D. Conclusion ……………………………….……………………………….95
Chapter Five: Conclusion …………………………………………………...……..97
Works Cited ………………………………………………………………..……...112

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