臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

豬霍亂沙門氏桿菌 (Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, S. Choleraesuis) 是隸屬於腸桿菌科的兼性厭氧革蘭氏陰性桿菌。此種菌株的感染，會使豬隻罹患沙門氏桿菌症 (Salmonellosis)，造成全球豬隻產業的重大經濟損失。為了解決疾病的問題，大量使用抗生素進而導致抗藥性 (mulitidrug-resistant, MDR) 的菌株不斷產生。研究證實了抗菌胜肽 (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) 極具潛力作為抗生素的替代試劑。根據本實驗室先前的研究，我們設計並合成了一系列的陽離子且雙性的 (amphipathic) α-螺旋AMPs，這些 AMPs 對廣譜的 MDR 菌株，包括S. Choleraesuis，皆具有有效的抗菌活性。在本篇研究當中，我們選定了最有效的 AMP Q4，並將其序列優化，以增強其對 MDR S. Choleraesuis的抗菌效力以及選擇性。將N端末端截短和C端末端醯胺化的胜肽Q4-15a表現了最佳的效力。分別將酪胺酸 (Y) 替換為色胺酸 (W) 與 離胺酸 (K) 將其序列優化，並獲得了Q4-15a-1 (W) 與Q4-15a-2 (K)。接著我們測試了這些AMP衍生物的最小抑菌濃度 (MICs) 與最小溶血濃度 (MHCs)。Q4-15a-1 (W) 具有最高的抗菌活性 (MIC= 4 µg/mL) 與最低的溶血活性 (MHC= 128 µg/mL)，顯示了對MDR S. Choleraesuis具有最佳的選擇性 (MHC/ MIC= 32)，因此選擇了此胜肽做進一步的實驗。藥物組合的實驗顯示了Q4-15a-1與抗生素恩諾沙星 (Enrofloxacin) 和另一種天然胜肽 Pleurocidin 分別具有加成以及協同的作用。此外我們也建立了一種使用人類巨噬細胞THP-1的急性感染模式。Q4-15a-1與Pleurocidin的組合顯示出最有效的細胞內細菌毒殺效力。在慢性感染模式中，發現野生型沙門氏菌生物膜生成能力優於多重抗藥性沙門氏菌，且在不同濃度Q4-15a-1處理下，隨著藥物劑量升高，在野生型的組別中對於生物膜生成的抑制效果越為明顯。我們同時使用蛋白質體學方法探究Q4-15a-1在經S. Choleraesuis感染的THP-1細胞中的抗菌機制，經質譜分析及生物資訊學工具鑑定後總共發現4054個蛋白質，其中在有無Q4-15a-1處理的組別中具有顯著差異的蛋白質則有187個。將這187個蛋白質利用生物學路徑分析軟體暨生物資訊資料庫 (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, IPA) 進行分析，依照生物功能 (biological funtion) 可分為5個類群並挑選出最具相關性的細胞死亡與存活群組中，較有顯著變化的蛋白質進行討論。這些發現將有助於拓展我們對於宿主-微生物相互作用分子機制的認識，從而促進對於MDR S. Choleraesuis所引起的沙門氏桿菌症其抗菌藥物的發展。

Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) are Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. S. Choleraesuis can cause salmonellosis specially occur in pigs and lead to considerable economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Antibiotics were applied to prevent bacterial infections, however, the extensive use has led to the growing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents that could overcome the resistance problem has become critical. A number of research have proven that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are of greatest potential to serve as a new class of antibiotics. According to our previous studies, a series of cationic α-helical peptides were designed and synthesized and these AMPs displayed potent antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of MDR strains, including S. Choleraesuis. In the current study, a potent AMP Q4 was selected and we intended to optimize its sequence to enhance the antibacterial activity and selectivity against MDR S. Choleraesuis. A N-terminal truncated and C-terminal amidated peptide Q4-15a exhibited best performance. It was further optimized by replacing a tyrosine into tryptophan and lysine, respectively to obtain Q4-15a-1 (W) and Q4-15a-2 (K). We then measured the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal hemolytic concentrations (MHCs) of these AMP derivatives. Q4-15a-1 (W) with highest antibacterial activity (MIC= 4 µg/mL) and lowest hemolytic activity (MHC= 128 µg/mL), thus showing greatest selectivity (MHC/MIC= 32) against MDR S. Choleraesuis was selected for further investigation. Drug combination tests showed an additive and synergistic effect between Q4-15a-1 and antibiotic enrofloxacin and another AMP pleurocidin, respectively. Moreover, we also established an acute infection model using human THP-1 macrophage. Combination of Q4-15a-1 and pleurocidin displayed most potent intracellular bacterial killing efficacy. In the chronic infection model, the biofilm production ability of wild-type Salmonella was found to be better than that MDR Salmonella. Treatment with different concentrations of Q4-15a-1, as the drug dose increased, the inhibitory effect on biofilm formation in the wild-type Salmonella group was more pronounced. Proteomic approaches were also applied to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of Q4-15a-1 within S. Choleraesuis-infected THP-1 cells. A total of 4054 proteins were found after analysis, of which 187 were proteins with siginificantly differential expression levels. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) which is based on biological functions to differentiate five groups, we then selected the most relevant cell death and survival group for further discussion. These findings will be helpful for expanding our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of host-microbe interaction, thus may facilitate antibacterial agent development for salmonellosis caused by MDR S. Choleraesuis in the near future.

摘要 I
英文摘要 (Abstract) II
致謝 III
目錄 (Table of contents) IV
圖目錄 (List of Figures) VI
表目錄 (List of Tables) VII
名詞縮寫表 (Abbreviations) VIII
第一章 前言 1
第一節 豬霍亂沙門氏桿菌 (Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis) 1
第二節 抗生素 (Antibiotics) 9
第三節 多重抗藥性 (Multidrug-resistant, MDR) 14
第四節 抗菌胜肽 (Antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) 16
第五節 蛋白質體學 (Proteomics) 21
第二章 目的 22
第三章 實驗材料與儀器 23
第一節 生物材料與藥品試劑 23
第二節 儀器設備 25
第四章 實驗架構與方法 26
第一節 抗菌胜肽之優化設計 (AMP optimization) 27
第二節 胜肽之溶血活性測試 28
第三節 菌株保存與培養 28
第四節 菌落數與濁度之關係 － 平板計數法 (Plate count) 29
第五節 最小抑菌濃度 29
第六節 組合試驗 (Combination test) 30
第七節 細胞培養與凍存 31
第八節 MTT細胞活性分析 32
第九節 定量感染分析 (胞外抗生素殺菌濃度測試) 33
第十節 合成胜肽單獨與組合之胞內抑菌能力 33
第十一節 生物膜的形成 34
第十二節 豬霍亂沙門氏菌的移動分析以及胜肽的抗生物膜活性 34
第十三節 一維SDS-PAGE分析 34
第十四節 膠體內酵素水解 (In-gel digestion) 35
第十五節 奈米液相層析串聯式質譜 (Nano-LC/MS/MS) 35
第十六節 蛋白質資料庫搜尋 36
第十七節 生物學路徑分析軟體暨生物資訊資料庫 36
第五章 結果 37
第一節 豬霍亂沙門氏桿菌 37
第二節 抗菌胜肽應用 38
第三節 急性感染模式 41
第四節 慢性感染模式 42
第五節 蛋白質體學分析結果 43
第六章 討論 44
第一節 抗菌胜肽對於豬霍亂沙門氏桿菌的抗菌效果 44
第二節 AMPs與抗生素及天然胜肽的組合對豬霍亂沙門氏桿菌的抗菌活性 45
第三節 AMPs對於細胞內細菌的抗菌效力 46
第四節 生物膜的生成與AMPs的抗生物膜生成活性 47
第五節 感染後THP-1細胞以AMPs處理前後的蛋白質差異 48
第七章 結論與未來展望 50
第八章 圖表 51
第九章 參考文獻 78

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