臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為使水泥壓電複合材料能夠應用在混凝土構件健康檢測和診斷上，本研究的水泥壓電複合材料是由體積含量各50％的水泥基材和壓電介質組成，以Fuller理想級配曲線設計介質級配與採用溫度處理製程來提高水泥壓電複合材料的壓電性質；在三彎點抗彎混凝土與梁柱混凝土構件中安裝傳統PZT壓電感測器及水泥壓電感測器，比較找出適用在混凝土健康檢測的水泥壓電感測器。
結果指出，比較GC（粗級配）、GM（中級配）及GF（細級配）三種級配設計之水泥壓電複合材料，GM的體積緻密度、露石率及壓電應變常數d33依序大於GC與GF；GM比單一粒徑細粒料PP的體積緻密度及露石率，各高出約3.92％及5.83％，證實級配曲線設計可以提高複合材料之體積緻密度及PZT顆粒二維緊密度，有助於提升壓電應變常數d33。GM與PP水泥複合壓電材料的楊氏模數約23Gpa～24 Gpa，比PZT（70 Gpa）更接近混凝土（23.28Gpa）；其維氏硬度（Hv=150～166）也比PZT（Hv=561）更接近混凝土（Hv=150），證明水泥複合材料與混凝土之變形諧和性及硬度諧和性更優於PZT。於四種溫度處理製程中，以BB條件對於提升壓電應變常數d33之效果最明顯，GM之d33值達到最高88.8 pc/N，比PP約高出28.3％，顯示配比設計及溫度處理製程應用於提升0-3型水泥基PZT複合材料的壓電應變常數d33確實有效。
將GM製作成壓電感測器埋設於三點抗彎構件與梁柱構件，線性載重下，三點抗彎構件和梁柱構件分別以預埋式接觸型及預埋式包覆型的電壓輸出最大；在循環載重及循環加壓載重下，不論是三點抗彎構件或是梁柱構件，GM感測器都以嵌入式接觸型的電壓輸出最大。GM在三種載重及所有埋設方式或使用型式的條件下，都可直接測得電壓輸出值，而不需經過訊號放大器，且電壓輸出與彎曲應力的力-電敏感性良好，顯示0-3型水泥壓電複合材料適合應用於抗彎或梁柱結構。

This research tried to design a cement piezoelectric composite in order to utilize as a health detector sensor in concrete structures. The cement piezoelectric composite was made by equal volume ratio of cement matrix and piezoelectric media with Fuller’s ideal gradation curve design. Temperature treatment processes were used to improve the piezoelectric properties of cement piezoelectric composites. Comparison between the conventional PZT piezoelectric sensor and cement piezoelectric composite sensor were done through three-point bending concrete beam test and beam-column concrete member test.
Three types of mixed aggregate, GC（Coarse Grade）, GM（Medium Grade） and GF（Fine Grade）, were tested for producing cemend piezoelectric composites. The control type, said PP type, was produce by mixing with a single particle size of fine aggregate. In comparison with the material properties in volume density, exposed stone rate and piezoelectric strain constant d33, test results showed that GM type is better than GC and GF types. When comparing the GM type to PP type, volume density and exposed stone rate of GM type are 3.92％ and 5.83％ higher than that of PP type respectively. This result proves Fuller’s ideal gradation curve design can indeed promote volume density and PZT particle tightness of composites. The Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness of GM and PP types composites, E among 23~24GPa and Hv among 150~166, are closer to concrete material (E=23.28Gpa, Hv=150) than PZT (E=70Gpa, Hv=561). It proof that the cement piezoelectric composite has better compatibility to concrete material than PZT. Four temperature processes were used, and the BB process has the best affect to d33 property. Concrete mix design and temperature process enhance the d33 property for 0-3 type cement based PZT composite material because the highest value of d33 in GM type can reach 88.8pc/N, which is about 28.3% higher than d33 in PP type.
GM type cement piezoelectric composite was embedded in the three point bending test-element and beam-column test-element as sensor in two ways. One is GM type cement piezoelectric composite wrapped with cement mortar into a 25mmΦ×10mmH circular shape then embedded into test-element, called mounting way, and the other one is directly embedded into test-element, called contacting way. Tests were completed under linear load, cycling load, and cycling adding load action. Test results showed that all sensor voltages can be measured without signal amplifier under three load conditions, and the force-voltage sensitivities were good. Maximum voltage was measured from pre-mounting way for both three point bending and beam-column tests. In this study, we proof that 0-3 type cement piezoelectric composite is suitable for use in bending or beam-column structures.
GM will make a piezoelectric sensor embedded in the three point bending member and the member beams under linear load, the three point bending member and the member beams in contact with Embedded and Embedded-type cladding type, voltages maximum output; circulating load and pressure cycles under load, whether it is the three point bending member or member beams, GM-contact sensors are embedded in the maximum output voltage. GM in three truck and buried all the way or type of conditions, can be directly measured output voltage value, without passing the signal amplifier and the output voltage of the bending stress force - good electrical sensitivity, display 0-3 cement piezoelectric composites suitable for bending or beam-column structure.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 VI
目錄 VII
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XVII
符號說明 XIX
第一章　緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究方法 2
1.4 本文組織與內容 3
第二章　文獻回顧 6
2.1 水泥 6
2.1.1 水泥的水化作用階段 6
2.2 壓電陶瓷材料 7
2.2.1 壓電材料種類 8
2.2.2 壓電材料特性 9
2.2.3 壓電材料參數 10
2.3 水泥基壓電複合陶瓷型式 11
2.4 0-3型水泥基壓電複合陶瓷材料組成之影響 17
2.4.1 壓電陶瓷含量壓電性質的影響 17
2.4.2 壓電陶瓷粒徑粗細的影響 21
2.5 0-3型水泥基壓電複合陶瓷製程之影響 23
2.5.1 壓電陶瓷壓製應力的影響 23
2.5.2 壓電陶瓷極化條件的影響 26
第三章　0-3型水泥複合陶瓷粒料配比 33
3.1 粒料級配曲線理論文獻回顧 34
3.2 壓電陶瓷粒料級配設計 37
3.3 壓電陶瓷相對理論密度 43
3.4 露石率 47
第四章　0-3型水泥基複合陶瓷 53
4.1 實驗計畫 53
4.1.1 實驗目的 53
4.1.2 固定條件 56
4.1.3 變數條件 56
4.1.4 實驗儀器與設備 57
4.1.5 試體配比 60
4.1.6 試體製作與養護 60
4.1.7 極化技術與量測 62
4.1.8 壓電性質量測 63
4.2 溫度效應對壓電應變常數 之影響 64
4.2.1 溫度處理AA 64
4.2.2 溫度處理AB 66
4.2.3 溫度處理BA 68
4.2.4 溫度處理 BB 70
4.3 粒徑效應對壓電應變常數 之影響 72
4.3.1 單一粒徑PP型 72
4.3.2 配比設計GC型 74
4.3.3 配比設計GM型 76
4.3.4 配比設計GF型 78
4.4 小結 80
第五章 壓電元件與混凝土構件諧和性 86
5.1 楊氏模數 86
5.2 維氏硬度 92
5.3 壓電本構方程式 95
第六章　三彎點抗彎混凝土之應用 97
6.1 實驗計畫 97
6.1.1 實驗目的 97
6.1.2 實驗流程 97
6.1.3 實驗材料 99
6.1.4 變數條件 99
6.1.5 實驗儀器與設備 99
6.1.6 試體配比及編號 101
6.1.7 試體製作與養護 102
6.1.8 元件電壓輸出與彎曲應力計算 106
6.2 埋設方式 107
6.2.1 預埋式 108
6.2.2 嵌入式 120
6.3 小結 132
第七章　梁柱混凝土構件之應用 138
7.1 實驗計畫 138
7.1.1 實驗目的 138
7.1.2 實驗流程 138
7.1.3 實驗材料 139
7.1.4 變數條件 140
7.1.5 實驗儀器與設備 140
7.1.6 試體配比及編號 141
7.1.7 梁柱混凝土構件製作與養護 143
7.1.8 梁柱元件電壓輸出與彎曲應力計算 145
7.2 預埋式試片 149
7.2.1 預埋式包覆型試片 149
7.2.2 預埋式接觸型試片 152
7.3 嵌入式 155
7.3.1 嵌入式包覆型試片 155
7.3.2 嵌入式接觸型 159
7.4 小結 162
第八章　結論與建議 167
8.1 結論 167
8.2 建議 169
參考文獻 170
附錄 175

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