臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的為瞭解土壤之受凍行為，並對於以數值模擬程式進行溫度場之分析時該如何選擇分析模式及適當之輸入參數給予建議。論文中分別使用TEMP/W及FLAC3D兩種程式對雲林冰凍工法現地試驗進行模擬，以尋求最佳之模擬方式。再將此模式用於模擬捷運新莊線CK570C區段標過河段(淡水河)道岔工程之大型鏡面冰凍施工。研究中發現，程式對於邊界條件之設定不足以模擬地表溫度對凍土區之影響。使用之案例中針對土質所選擇之熱傳導係數値，只分為砂土及黏土兩種進行分析，但其模擬結果已相當理想。故由研究結果認為，這種分析方式可用來預估凍土發展之情形。本研究也對凍土之特性進行彙整，了解對凍結行為影響較大的熱學參數為：熱傳導係數、容積含水率、比熱、對流熱傳導係數。並使用TEMP/W熱學分析程式進行參數研究，發現「熱傳導係數」、「容積含水率」為影響土壤凍結情形之重要參數。

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the behavior of freezing soil and find out an appropriate input parameters for numerical analysis of freezing method in tunneling. Two programs, TEMP/W and FLAC3D, are used to analyze the in-situ freezing experiment in NYUST. It is found that TEMP/W is more appropriate for the simulation of freezing method in tunneling. Then, this research uses TEMP/W program to analyze actual freezing project of tunneling engineering, “Dao-Cha” site of mass rapid transit system in Taipei. The tunnel mirror face of “Dao-Cha” site adopted freezing method during construction stage. The analysis results showed that the boundary condition in programs can not reflect the heat of ground surface. The thermal conductivities chosen by soil types were only assorted to sand and clay to analyze these cases. The simulation results fit to the field measure quite well. As the result we can conclude that the input mode is appropriate to simulate freezing site. The investigation of freezing soil observance conduct that thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, specific heat capacity and convective heat-transfer coefficient are important parameters of thermal. Parametric study results by TEMP/W program indicate that thermal conductivity and volumetric water content of soil are two important parameters for thermal transfer.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
符號索引 XI
第一章、緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究架構 2
第二章、文獻探討 4
2.1 冰凍工法之由來及應用 4
2.2 冰凍工法施工原理 5
2.2.1 冰凍原理 5
2.2.2 工法介紹 6
2.3 熱傳理論 7
2.3.1 熱傳導 8
2.3.2 熱對流 8
2.3.3 熱幅射 9
2.4 凍土層特性及物理參數 9
2.4.1 凍土特性 9
2.4.2 凍土成長模式 11
2.4.3 熱傳導係數 13
2.4.4 對流熱傳導係數 13
2.4.5 容積含水率 16
2.4.6 比熱與體積熱容量 16
2.5 其他冰凍相關模擬 17
第三章、數值模擬方法 20
3.1 基本假設 20
3.2 有限元素法TEMP/W程式介紹 20
3.2.1 TEMP/W分析方式 23
3.2.2 TEMP/W輸入參數 24
3.3 有限差分法FLAC3D程式介紹 25
3.3.1 FLAC3D分析方式 26
3.3.2 FLAC3D輸入參數 27
3.4 TEMP/W與FLAC3D兩計算程式分析方法之差異 28
第四章、現地工程與模擬結果探討 30
4.1 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗 30
4.1.1 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗地質資料 30
4.1.2 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗施工情形 30
4.1.3 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗監測結果 31
4.1.4 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗於TEMP/W分析設定值 32
4.1.5 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗於TEMP/W模擬結果 35
4.1.6 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗於FLAC3D分析設定值 36
4.1.7 雲林冰凍工法現地試驗於FLAC3D模擬結果 38
4.2 捷運新莊線CK570C區段標過河段(淡水河)道岔工程西部發進端上行線 38
4.2.1 W1工區地質資料 39
4.2.2 W1工區施工情形 39
4.2.3 W1工區監測結果 41
4.2.4 W1工區於TEMP/W分析設定值 41
4.2.5 W1工區於TEMP/W模擬結果 43
4.3 捷運新莊線CK570C區段標過河段(淡水河)道岔工程東部到達端上行線 44
4.3.1 E工區地質資料 44
4.3.2 E工區施工情形 45
4.3.3 E工區監測結果 46
4.3.4 E工區於TEMP/W分析設定值 46
4.3.5 E工區於TEMP/W模擬結果 48
4.4 分析結果之參數研究 48
4.4.1 熱傳導係數對溫度場之影響 49
4.4.2 容積含水率對溫度場之影響 49
4.4.3 土質對溫度場之影響 49
4.4.4 對流熱傳導係數對溫度場之影響 50
第五章、結論與建議 51
5.1 結論 51
5.2 建議 53
參考文獻 54

1.王廷瑋，“土壤冰凍引致之周圍應力與溫度變化研究” ，國立台灣科技大學，營建工程系，碩士論文(2004)
2.台北市政府北區工程局北區工程處，“台北都會區捷運系統新莊線CK570C區段標工程，CK240標道岔段抽水計算書(C版)”(2003)
3.李佳恩，“潛盾隧道冰凍工法熱傳導之有限元素分析”，國立中央大學，土木工程研究所，碩士論文(2006)
4.李寧，徐斌，陳飛熊，“ 凍土路基溫度場變形場和應立場的耦合分析”，中國公路學報vol. 19, No. 3， pp. 1-7(2006 May)
5.林立偉，“非水相液體於土壤中滲流之研究”，國立交通大學，土木工程系所，碩士論文(2005)
6.林俊次，“聯絡通道及潛盾隧道施工造成之地盤變位”，國立交通大學，土木工程系所，碩士論文(2005)
7.林振華，“冷凍工法施工設計條件之硏究”，中華大學，土木工程硏究所，碩士論文(2004)
8.林慶豐，“土壤凍結時之行為探討與應用”，台灣科技大學，營建工程系，碩士論文(2001)
9.株式會社精研，“地盤凍結工法”(2004)
10.高丞瑋，“土壤冰凍工法現地試驗及地溫推估模式”，國立雲林科技大學，營建工程系，碩士論文(2006)
11.陳正忠，“ 聯絡通道及潛盾隧道施工造成之地盤變位” ，國立台灣科技大學，營建工程系，碩士論文(1999)
12.陳順發，“凍結工法在大地工程應用研究”，國立台北科技大學冷凍空調工程系，碩士論文(2002)
13.葉文謙，“台北捷運CK570C標道岔段冰凍工程法統包工程簡介” 中鼎月刊314期，pp.9-14 (2005)
14.萬鼎工程服務股份有限公司，CK570C道岔段施工計畫書(2007)
15.趙柏祥，“細粒料含量對冰凍土壤之影響”，國立台灣科技大學，營建工程系，碩士論文(2002)
16.廖惠生，余明山，陳敏雄，劉明欽，“超高壓噴射灌漿工法設計及施工要項檢討”地工技術，第108期，pp. 5-8(2006 June)
17.Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P., “Heat Transfer Pocket Handbook,” Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas (1984)
18.Churchill, S. W. and Ozoe, H., “Correlations for Laminar Forced Convection in flow over an Isothermal Flat Plat and in Developing and Fully Developed Flow in an Isothermal Tube,” J. Heat Transfer, vol. 95, pp. 46 (1973)
19.Churchill, S. W. and Bernstein, M., “A Correlating Equation for Forced Convection from Gases and Liquids to a Circular Cylinder in Crossflow,” J. Heat Transfer, vol. 99, pp. 300-306 (1977)
20.Cook, Robert D., Malkus, David S., Plesha, Michael E. and Witt, Robert J., “Concepts and applications of finite element analysis,” John Wiley & Sons, 4th ed (2001)
21.Georgieva, A., Bussob, A., and Roth, P., “Shallow borehole heat exchanger: Response test and charging–discharging test with solar collectors,” Renewable Energy 31 (7), pp. 971-985 (2005)
22.Gori, F. and Corasaniti, S., “Theoretical prediction of the soil thermal conductivity at moderately high temperatures,” Journal of Heat Transfer, 124 (6), pp. 1001-1008 (2002)
23.Holman, J. P., “Heat Transfer,” New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 7th ed., (1990)
24.Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., “FLAC3D -Command Reference,” Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minnesota.
25.Krahn, John, “Thermal modeling with TEMP/W- An Engineering Methodology,” GEO-SLOPE International Ltd., Canada, 1st ed (2004)
26.Overduin, P.P., Kane, D.L., van Loon, W.K.P., “Measuring thermal conductivity in freezing and thawing soil using the soil temperature response to heating,” Cold Regions Science and Technology 45, pp. 8-22 (2006)
27.Palma, L. Di, Ferrantelli, P. and Medici, F., “Heavy metals extraction from contaminated soil:Recovery of the flushing solution, ” Journal of Environmental Management 77, pp. 205-211 (2005)
28.Rees, S.W., Zhou, Z. and Thomas, H.R., “The influence of soil moisture content variations on heat losses from earth–contact structures: an initial assessment,” Building and Environment, pp. 157-165 (2001)
29.Roth,P., Georgiev, Busso, A. A. and Barraza, E., “First in situ determination of ground and borehole thermal properties in Latin America,” Renewable Energy 29, pp. 1947-1963 (2004)
30.Toya, Tomohiro, Kameshima, Yoshikazu, Nakajima, Akira and Okada, Kiyoshi, “ Preparation and properties of glass-ceramics from kaolinclay refining waste (Kira) and paper sludge ash,” Ceramics International 32, pp. 789–796 (2006)
31.Zhang,Shujuan, Lai, Yuanming, Sun, Zhizhong and Gao, Zhihua, “Volumetric strain and strength behavior of frozen soils under confinement,” Cold Regions Science and Technology 47, pp. 263–270 (2007)
32.Çengel., Y.A., “Heat Transfer-A Practical Approach,” New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., (1998)