臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當今許多台灣員工已處於長期工時環境中，許多產業員工也都面臨著愈來愈多的職場壓力，特別是遭遇到來自工作特性對其休閒生活的干擾，故如何減輕員工之「工作--休閒衝突」便成為一項重要的管理議題了。消防人員、會計人員、醫護人員、作業人員、研發人員所具備的工作時間特性，即當一般社會大眾正在進行休閒活動時，他們卻正值工作時段。本研究主要的目的在於探討工作壓力、休閒需求兩前因變數，個別對「工作--休閒衝突」之影響，並檢測工作價值觀、休閒參與兩調節變數是否於其間發揮調節效果。本研究共搜集到659位的研究對象，並採用線性結構關係模式進行資料分析與假說檢定。研究結果指出：工作壓力對於休閒需求有顯著正向關係；而工作壓力、休閒需求對於「工作--休閒衝突」亦具有顯著的正向關係；在調節效果方面，工作價值觀的調節作用也能削弱工作壓力、休閒需求兩者與員工的「工作--休閒衝突」之負面影響，唯獨休閒參與於休閒需求與員工的「工作--休閒衝突」間，並未發揮顯著的調節作用；此外，研究結果亦發現工作價值觀的調節效果較優於休閒參與。最後，針對人力資源主管討論工作設計，以及就員工的壓力管理提出建議。

Many employees are increasingly confronted with rising work stress levels in Taiwan, especially work-to-leisure conflict (WLC), so an important issue in management circles is how to abate the employees’ perceived WLC. When people in other professions are enjoying their leisure time, people who work as firemen, accountants, nurses, doctors, operators, and engineers still must work. The purpose of this article is to discover the impacts of work stress and leisure need on WLC, and then to find the moderating effects of work values and leisure participation on work stress, leisure need, and WLC. Questionnaires were utilized to collect the data and a sample of 659 observations was obtained. Linear structural relation model was used to analyze the data and test the hypothesis. The findings of this research indicate that work stress influences leisure need positively. Work stress and leisure need influence WLC positively, too. The moderating effect of work values was found to lessen the negative effect of employees’ perceived WLC. But the leisure participation was not found to attenuate the positive relationship between leisure need and WLC. Besides, the moderating effect of work values on the relationships among work stress, leisure need, and WLC was stronger than leisure participation. In conclusion, job design implications for the HR manager and stress management for employees are discussed.

目 錄

目 錄 I
圖 目 錄 IV
表 目 錄 V
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究問題 3
1.3 研究目的 3
1.4 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻探討 6
2.1 工作與非工作生活 6
2.1.1 工作與非工作生活的理論依據 6
2.1.2 工作與非工作衝突的分類 7
2.1.3 由界線╱疆界理論探討工作與非工作之關係 8
2.2 工作與休閒 9
2.2.1 工作與休閒的本質 9
2.2.2 工作與休閒衝突 12
2.2.3 工作與休閒衝突的影響因素與結果 15
2.3 工作壓力 16
2.3.1 壓力與工作壓力之定義 16
2.3.2 壓力與工作壓力之相關研究 19
2.4 休閒需求 22
2.4.1 休閒需求定義 22
2.4.2 休閒的功能 22
2.4.3 休閒需求理論 23
2.5 工作價值觀 26
2.5.1 工作價值觀定義 26
2.5.2 工作價值觀之形成 27
2.5.3 工作價值觀之相關研究 28
2.6 休閒參與 29
2.6.1 休閒參與定義 29
2.6.2 休閒參與體驗理論 30
2.6.3 休閒體驗之相關研究 32
2.7 假說推演 34
2.7.1 工作壓力與休閒需求之關係 34
2.7.2 工作壓力與工作--休閒衝突之關係 34
2.7.3 休閒需求與工作--休閒衝突之關係 35
2.7.4 工作壓力、工作--休閒衝突、工作價值觀、休閒參與關係 35
2.7.5 休閒需求、工作--休閒衝突、工作價值觀、休閒參與關係 37
第三章 研究方法 38
3.1 研究架構 38
3.2 操作性定義 38
3.2.1 工作--休閒衝突 38
3.2.2 工作壓力 39
3.2.3 休閒需求 39
3.2.4 工作價值觀 39
3.2.5 休閒參與 39
3.3 研究假說 39
3.4 問卷設計 40
3.4.1 工作--休閒衝突的衡量 40
3.4.2 工作壓力量表 40
3.4.3 休閒需求量表 41
3.4.4 工作價值觀量表 41
3.4.5 休閒參與量表 42
3.4.6 人口統計變項 42
3.5 研究對象與抽樣方法 43
3.6 資料分析方法 43
第四章　資料分析結果 56
4.1　信度、效度與敘述性統計分析 56
4.1.1　驗證性因素分析 56
4.1.2　信度與效度分析 60
4.1.3　敘述性統計分析 61
4.2　線性結構關係模式之結果 65
4.2.1　自變數與依變數之整體模式配適度檢定 65
4.2.2　工作價值觀與休閒參與之調節效果驗證 68
第五章　結論與建議 78
5.1　結論 78
5.1.1　資料結構分析之結論 78
5.1.2　線性結構關係模式分析之結論 78
5.2　建議 79
5.2.1　管理意涵 79
5.2.2　研究限制與未來建議 80
參考文獻 82




圖 目 錄

圖1-1 研究流程 5
圖2-1 「工作--非工作衝突」與「生活品質」之因果模型 8
圖2-2 工作--休閒的時間層面 11
圖2-3 互動型之壓力模型 21
圖2-4 個人價值觀的形成過程 28
圖2-5 休閒體驗一般模式 33
圖3-1 本研究架構 38
圖3-2　 自變數與依變數之線性結構關係模式 45
圖3-3　 工作價值觀之調節模式線性結構關係模式--1 47
圖3-4　 休閒參與之調節模式線性結構關係模式--1 49
圖3-5　 工作價值觀之調節模式線性結構關係模式--2 52
圖3-6　 休閒參與之調節模式線性結構關係模式--2 54
圖4-1　 自變數與依變數之結構模式實證分析結果--1 65
圖4-2　 自變數與依變數之結構模式實證分析結果--2 66
圖4-3　 自變數與依變數之結構模式實證分析結果--3 66
圖4-4　 自變數與依變數之結構模式實證分析結果--4 68
圖4-5　 工作價值觀與工作--休閒衝突之結構模式實證分析結果 69
圖4-6　 休閒參與和工作--休閒衝突之結構模式實證分析結果 71
圖4-7　 藉由工作價值觀調節之結構模式實證分析結果--1 72
圖4-8　 藉由休閒參與調節之結構模式實證分析結果--1 74
圖4-9　 藉由工作價值觀調節之結構模式實證分析結果--2 75
圖4-10　藉由休閒參與調節之結構模式實證分析結果--2 77


表 目 錄

表2-1 「工作--生活平衡」之特質、原因與結果 10
表2-2 工作、休閒層面與工作--休閒衝突之關係 16
表2-3 壓力、生活壓力之定義 18
表2-4 工作壓力定義 19
表2-5 休閒相關研究 25
表2-6 Kabanoff and O’Brien之研究結果 26
表2-7 國內外學者對工作價值觀的定義 27
表3-1 工作--休閒衝突的衡量問項 40
表3-2 工作壓力的衡量問項 41
表3-3 休閒需求的衡量問項 41
表3-4 工作價值觀的衡量問項 41
表3-5 休閒參與的衡量問項 42
表3-6 人口統計變項 42
表3-7　 自變數與依變數之線性結構關係模式參數說明 45
表3-8　 自變數與依變數線性結構關係模式之觀察變數說明 46
表3-9　 工作價值觀之調節模式線性結構關係模式參數說明 47
表3-10　工作價值觀之調節模式線性結構關係模式之觀察變數說明 48
表3-11　休閒參與之調節模式線性結構關係模式參數說明 50
表3-12　休閒參與之調節模式線性結構關係模式之觀察變數說明 50
表3-13　工作價值觀之調節模式線性結構關係模式參數說明 52
表3-14　工作價值觀之調節模式線性結構關係模式之觀察變數說明 53
表3-15　休閒參與之調節模式線性結構關係模式參數說明 54
表3-16　休閒參與之調節模式線性結構關係模式之觀察變數說明 55
表4-1　 測量模式配適度之衡量指標 57
表4-2　 基本配適標準與模式內在結構配適度之分析結果 58
表4-3　 整體模式配適度之分析結果 59
表4-4　 驗證性因素分析之結果歸納 60
表4-5　 潛在變數之相關係數與區別效度分析 61
表4-6　 樣本結構分析結果 62
表4-7　 敘述性統計分析結果 63
表4-8　 自變數與依變數之整體模式配適度指標 67
表4-9　 自變數與依變數之結構模式實證分析結果 68
表4-10　工作價值觀與工作--休閒衝突之整體模式配適度指標 69
表4-11　休閒參與和工作--休閒衝突之整體模式配適度指標 70
表4-12　藉由工作價值觀調節之整體模式配適度指標--1 72
表4-13　藉由休閒參與調節之整體模式配適度指標--1 73
表4-14　藉由工作價值觀調節之整體模式配適度指標--2 75
表4-15　藉由休閒參與調節之整體模式配適度指標--2 76
表4-16　調節變數之結構模式實證分析結果 77
表5-1 本研究假說驗證結果彙整表 78

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二、中文部分
1.王傳銘，「Recreation與Leisure的含義」，戶外遊憩研究，第9卷第1期，頁107-114，民國85年。
2.加滕秀俊，餘暇社會學，台北：遠流出版，民國78年。
3.行政院主計處，「十五歲以上國人休閒參與概況」，台北:主計處，民國84年。
4.吳鐵雄、李坤崇、劉佑星、歐慧敏，「工作價值觀量表之編製研究」，台北：行政院青年輔導委員會，民國85年。
5.李素馨、姜雅芬、李式忠，「戲劇休閒體驗之研究」，休閒、遊憩、觀光研究成果研討會--休閒遊憩行為，頁203-217，民國86年。
6.李銘輝，「遊憩需求與遊客行為特性之探討」，戶外遊憩研究，第4卷第1期，頁17-33，民國80年。
7.杜淑芳譯，休閒遊憩事業的企業化經營，台北：品度股份有限公司，民國87年。
8.周安國，軍校生工作價值觀與組織承諾關係之研究--以空軍航空技術學院為例，義守大學工業工程與管理學系碩士論文，民國92年6月。
9.林東泰，休閒教育與其宣導策略之研究，臺北：師大書苑，民國81年。
10.林若慧，以工作壓力模型探討工作--休閒之衝突：兼論緩衝壓力假說，銘傳大學管理研究所博士論文，民國95年7月。
11.林英顏，員工工作投入、工作壓力與休閒需求關係之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所博士論文，民國93年7月。
12.林晏州，「遊憩者選擇遊憩區行為之研究」，都市計劃，第10卷，頁33-49，民國73年。
13.施清發、陳武宗、范麗娟，「高雄市老人休閒體驗與休閒參與程度之研究」，社區發展季刊，第92 期，頁346-358，民國89年。
14.洪淑美，現代休閒育樂百科，台北：華一書局，民國81年。
15.高俊雄，「休閒參與體驗形成之分析」，戶外遊憩研究，第6卷第4期，頁1-12，民國82年。
16.高俊雄、張孝銘，「休閒需求與休閒阻礙間之相關研究－以彰化市居民為實證」，體育學報，第30輯，頁143-152，民國90年。
17.張孝銘，「休閒體驗中之自由感研究--以夜二專學生為例」，建國學報，第19卷第1期，頁213-220，民國89年。
18.張春興，現代心理學，台北：東華書局，民國80年。
19.郭金池，國民小學教師價值觀念、進修態度與教學態度之研究，國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，民國78年6月。
20.陳秉璋、陳信木，價值社會學，臺北：桂冠，民國82年。
21.陳凱俐，「森林遊樂區遊客遊憩體驗及遊憩效益影響因素之探討--以棲蘭森林遊樂區為例」，宜蘭技術學報，第1 期，頁27-37，民國87年。
22.陳順宇，多變量分析，台北：華泰書局，民國93年。
23.黃芳銘，結構方程模式理論與應用，台北：五南書局，民國91年。
24.黃寶園，「結合統合分析與結構方程模式之理論驗證：以壓力調節反應模式之建立與驗證為例」，國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文，民國93年7月。
25.瑞士洛桑國際管理學院(IMD)，「世界競爭力年報」，2003、2004年。
26.鄭琦玉，「日月潭風景特定區遊客特性及遊憩需求型態分析」，觀光研究學報，第1卷第4期，頁39-53，民國84年。
27.鄧建中，綜合高中教師休閒需求及參與之研究，朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理研究所碩士論文，民國91年7月。
28.薛銘卿，「休閒及休閒活動定義之詮釋：非規範及規範性觀點」，戶外遊憩研究，第5卷第3/4期，頁71-89，民國81年。