臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究係利用粉末冶金法製備鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料，並探討不同之製程對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末分散性、型態之影響。本複合材料的原料是以6003鋁合金粉當作基材，兩種碳材料(奈米碳角、奈米碳管)為添加劑。我們也分析碳材料添加量對鋁/碳複合材料拉伸和壓縮性質之影響，最後以XRD分析鋁合金與碳材料是否會產生新的合金相，本實驗分為兩部分：
第一部分探討不同製程對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末分散性之影響。第一製程為濕式球磨方法；第二製程為先加入濕潤劑進行奈米粉末之預分散，再進行濕式球磨的方法，利用相同的製程參數和不同分散方法來探討粉末之分散效果。實驗結果顯示，經過第一製程及第二製程後顆粒表面分別呈現較粗糙狀和較平滑狀，表兩種分散方法均成功混合粉末。兩種製程複合材料之壓縮性能測試，與純鋁基材相比雖然其破壞功、降伏荷重與降伏位移皆隨著奈米碳管和奈米碳角之添加而下降，但硬度和楊氏模數皆提升，即得到補強之效果，複合材料也變為脆性。有加入濕潤劑(製程二)之剛性補強效果較為明顯(楊氏模數上升幅度大)，而本研究拉伸性能測試不如預期，歸因於結構過於鬆散。第二部分探討不同碳材料添加量對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料機械性能之影響，並且進一步探討何種碳材料結構具備最佳補強效果。實驗結果顯示，添加奈米碳管和奈米碳角可有效提升其硬度和楊氏模數，在添加量為1.5 wt%時有最高楊氏模數，且奈米碳角之補強效果較佳。破壞功、降伏荷重與降伏位移皆下降，添加奈米碳管和奈米碳角的複合材料硬度兩者相差不大。XRD分析不論是鋁/奈米碳角或鋁/奈米碳管複合材料兩者皆無法產生新的合金相，碳材料無法有效嵌入鋁的晶格中。
本論文由於成形條件的限制，目前的結果尚無法應用於工業界。若要進行後續實驗，壓力和燒結溫度均需提高，以達到壓坯緻密化使提高機械性能，或利用本研究加入濕潤劑進行奈米粉末預分散之方法製備複合粉末，再藉由熱擠出等方式製備出複合材料，因其在擠出過程中可使補強材順向，進而提升其性質以符合工業界之需求。

In this study, we prepared aluminum/carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites by powder metallurgy method, and discussed also the dispersibility and shape of the material powders of aluminum/carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites. The raw material of the composite material was 6003 aluminum alloy powder as a substrate, and two carbon materials (carbon nanohorn, carbon nanotube) were additives. We also analyzed the effect of carbon material amount on the tensile and compressive properties of aluminum/carbon composites. Finally, we explored weather aluminum alloys and carbon materials would produce new alloy phases by XRD analysis. The experiment is divided into two parts:
The first part discusses the effects of different processes on the powder’s dispersibility of aluminum/carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites. The first process is a wet ball milling method; the second process is a method of adding a wetting agent to pre-disperse the nano powders before performing wet ball milling. Both are using the same process parameters and different dispersion methods to explore the dispersion effect of the powders. The experimental results showed the surfaces of the powders were rough and smooth after the first processing or the second processing, and both dispersion methods were mixed well. The compression performance test of the two process composites, compared with the pure aluminum substrate, revealed that the hardness and Young's modulus were increased with the addition of the carbon nanotubes and the carbon nanohorns, although the failure work, the load and the displacement are decreased. This demonstrated that the effect of reinforcement is obtained, and the composite material also becomes brittle. The rigid reinforcing effect of adding the wetting agent (Process 2) was more obvious (the Young's modulus increased greatly), but the tensile performance test in this study is not as expected, due to the structure being too loose. The second part discusses the effects of different carbon material additions on the mechanical properties of aluminum/ carbon nanohorn and aluminum/carbon nanotube composites, and further explores which carbon material structure has the best reinforcing effect. The experimental results showed that the addition of either carbon nanotubes or carbon nanohorn could effectively improve the hardness and Young's modulus, and the highest Young's modulus was obtained when the addition amount is 1.5 wt%, and the reinforcing effect of carbon nanohorn was better than carbon nanotube. The destructive work, the falling load and the decreasing displacement were all decreased, and the hardness of the composites made of carbon nanotube and the carbon nanohorn were not identical. XRD analysis showed that the both composites could not formed a new alloy phase, the carbon material couldn’t be effectively embedded in the lattice of aluminum.
Due to the limitations of forming conditions, the current results cannot be applied to the industry. For subsequent experiments in the future, the pressure and sintering temperature should be increased to achieve abundant compaction to improve mechanical properties, or to prepare the composite powders by using a wetting agent for pre-dispersion of nano powders, and then by hot extrusion. The composite material is prepared in a manner such that the reinforcing material can be directional and orintated in the extrusion process, thereby improving its properties to meet the needs of the industry.

目錄
第一章 前言................................................................1
1.1緒論....................................................................1
1.2 鋁及其合金( Aluminum and Its Alloys )...................................2
1.2.1鋁及其合金之性質.......................................................2
1.2.2 鋁合金編號系統........................................................2
1.2.3 各系鋁合金之特點......................................................3
1.3 奈米材料................................................................4
1.3.1 奈米碳管(Carbon Nanotubes，CNTs)......................................4
1.3.2球形奈米碳角Spherical Carbon Nanohorns(S-CNHs).........................7
1.4 複合材料(Composites)....................................................9
1.4.1金屬基複合材料(Metal Matrix Composite，MMC)............................9
1.5 奈米粉體分散方法.......................................................10
1.5.1物理分散法............................................................10
1.5.2化學分散法............................................................11
1.6文獻回顧................................................................13
1.6.1分散方法..............................................................13
1.6.2 製程參數.............................................................16
1.6.3 不同碳材料與鋁合金....................................................18
1.7研究動機................................................................20
第二章 原理...............................................................21
2.1 粉末冶金法(Powder Metallurgy，P/M)簡介.................................21
2.1.1 金屬粉末之特性.......................................................21
2.1.2成形(Molding)........................................................23
2.1.2.1粉末成形過程........................................................23
2.1.2.2 成形變數關係.......................................................24
2.1.3 燒結(Sintering).....................................................25
2.1.3.1 燒結過程.......................................................25
2.1.4 退火處理(Annealing Treatment)........................................27
2.2金屬之結晶缺陷(Crystalline Imperfections)...............................29
2.2.1 金屬強化機構(Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals)..................30
2.2.2 金屬之應力和應變(Stress and Strain in Metals)........................30
2.2.3彈性變形和塑性變形(Elastic Deformation and Plastic Deformation).......32
2.2.4差排與塑性變形(Dislocation and Plastic Deformation)...................33
2.3機械性質(Mechanical properties).........................................33
2.3.1拉伸試驗(Tensile Test)................................................33
2.3.2壓縮試驗(Compression Tests)...........................................37
第三章 實驗...............................................................38
3.1實驗材料................................................................38
3.2實驗儀器................................................................41
3.3分析設備................................................................42
3.4 實驗流程...............................................................44
3.4.1 製程一之鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末製備............................44
3.4.2 製程二之鋁/奈米碳角和鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末製備............................46
3.4.3 鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料之製備.................................48
3.5測試項目................................................................50
3.5.1掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)分析..............................................50
3.5.2冷場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(FE-SEM)分析....................................50
3.5.3 X-射線繞射分析儀(XRD)................................................51
3.5.4拉伸測試..............................................................51
3.5.5壓縮測試..............................................................52
第四章 結果與討論..........................................................53
4.1 材料鑑定...............................................................53
4.2 不同製程對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末之表面觀察.......................54
4.2.1製程一鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末之表面觀察.........................54
4.2.2製程二鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合粉末之表面觀察.........................57
4.3 不同物理量對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料之影響....................61
4.3.1不同材料對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料之影響.........................65
4.3.2不同添加量對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料之影響.......................67
4.3.3不同製程對鋁/奈米碳角與鋁/奈米碳管複合材料之影響.........................70
4.4 X-射線繞射分析儀(XRD).................................................73
第五章 結論................................................................74
參考文獻 ..................................................................75

1.William F. Smith, Javad Hashemi、盧陽明，材料科學概論(2011)，東華書局，台北，
pp.113-pp.117。
2.武恭、姚良均、李震夏、彭如清、趙祖德，鋁及鋁合金材料手冊(1994)，科學出版社，北京，
pp.10-pp.23。
3.P M Ajayany, T W Ebbesenz, Nanometre-size tubes of carbon(1997), IOPscience,
1025–1062.
4.Erik T. Thostensona, Zhifeng Renb, Tsu-Wei Choua, Advances in the science
and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review(2001),
Composites Science and Technology, 1899–1912.
5.HONGJIE DAI, Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis,Integration, and Properties(2002),
Acc. Chem. Res., 1035-1044.
6.張立德、牟季美，納米材料和納米結構(2001)，科學出版社，北京，pp.10-pp.15。
7.張志焜、崔作林，納米技術與納米材料(2000)，國防工業出版社，北京，pp.5-pp.12。
8.張立德，納米材料(2000)，化學工業出版社，北京，pp.8-pp.17。
9.童靖曄、鄭國彬，聚醯胺6/多壁奈米碳管複合材料製備與功能性之研究(2016)，逢甲大學纖維
與複合材料學系碩士論文。
10.Michael F. L. De Volder, Sameh H. Tawfick, Ray H. Baughman, A. John Hart,
Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications(2013),SCIENCE,
VOL 339.
11.Ali Eatemadi1, Hadis Daraee1, Hamzeh Karimkhanloo, Carbon nanotubes:
properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications(2014),
Nanoscale Research Letters, 9:393.
12.B. Chen, J. Shen, X. Ye, H. Imai, J. Umeda, M. Takahashi, K. Kondoh, Solid-
state interfacial reaction and load transfer efficiency in carbon nanotubes
(CNTs)-reinforced aluminum matrix composites(2017), Carbon, 198-208.
13.SE Shin, SM Moon, DY Lee, DS Lee and DH Bae, Development of press-and-
sinter Al2024-based nanocomposites reinforced with multiwalled carbon
nanotubes(2016), Journal of Composite Materials, 1-7.
14.展越實業有限公司提供
15.Katsunori Kobayashi, Seiichiro Hironaka, Additive Effect of Carbon Nanohorn
on Grease Lubrication Properties(2005), Journal of Japan Petroleum
Institute , 121-126.
16.許明發、柯澤豪、劉顯光、郭文雄，複合材料入門(2005)，中華民國尖端材料科技協會，台
中，pp.10.1-pp.10.7。
17.高濂，孫靜，劉陽橋，奈米粉體的分散及表面改性(2015)，五南出版社，pp.16-pp.37。
18.歐陽華，鈰鋯複合氧化物對一氧化碳氧化影響之研究(2004)，逢甲大學纖維與複合材料學系碩
士論文。
19.馮慶芬，粉末冶金學(2002)，新文京開發出版社有限公司，台北，pp.25-pp.37。
20.J.-H.Ahn, H.-S.Shin, Y.-J.Kim,H.Chung, Structural modification of carbon
nanotubes by various ball milling(2007), Journal of Alloys and Compounds,
428-432.
21.Liu, Z. Y., Xiao, B. L., Wang, W. G., Ma, Z. Y, Tensile strength and
electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix
composites fabricated by powder metallurgy combined with friction stir
processing(2014) , Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 30(7), 649-
655.
22.Malin Chen, Genlian Fan, Design of an efficient flake powder metallurgy
route to fabricate CNT/6061Al composites(2018), Materials and Design, 288-
296.
23.Biao Chen, An approach for homogeneous carbon nanotube dispersion in Al
matrix composites(2015), Materials and Design, 1-8.
24.R. P´erez-Bustamante, I. Estrada-Guel, W. Ant´unez-Flores, M. Miki-Yoshida,
Novel Al-matrix nanocomposites reinforced with multi-walled carbon
nanotubes(2008), Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 323-326.
25.M. Jafari, M.H. Abbasi, M.H. Enayati, F. Karimzadeh, Mechanical properties
of nanostructured Al2024–MWCNT composite prepared by optimized mechanical
milling and hot pressing methods(2012), Advanced Powder Technology, 205-
210.
26.P. Ravindran, Tribological properties of powder metallurgy – Processed
aluminium self lubricating hybrid composites with SiC additions(2013),
Materials and Design, 561-570.
27.Jinghang, LiuGraphene oxide and graphene nanosheet reinforced aluminium
matrix composites: Powder synthesis and prepared composite
characteristics(2016), Materials and Design, 87-94.
28.Le Zhang, Guangmei Hou,Wei Zhai, Qing Ai, Jinkui Feng, Lin Zhang,
Aluminum/graphene composites with enhanced heat-dissipation properties by
in-situ reduction of graphene oxide on aluminum particles(2018), Journal of
Alloys and Compounds, 854-860.
29.F.H. Latief, Fabrication of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets-reinforced
aluminum composites and evaluating their mechanical properties and
corrosion behavior(2011), Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 485-
492.
30.楊啟杰，製造程序(1999)，五南圖書出版股份有限公司，台北，pp.169- pp.186。
31.陳克紹，粉末冶金概論(1985)，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，台北，pp.37- pp.45。
32.徐新榮，機械元件之粉末冶金(1992)，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，台北，pp.32-pp.43。
33.伍祖璁、黃錦鐘，粉末冶金(1996)，高立圖書有限公司，台北，pp.143- pp.145，pp.176-
pp.189。
34.蘇英源、郭金國，粉末冶金學(2001)，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，台北，pp.5.1-
pp.5.26。
35.黃坤祥、馮慶芬，粉末冶金學(2007)，新文京開發出版有限公司，台北，pp.285-pp.314。
36.徐仁輝，粉末冶金概論(2002)，新文京開發版有限公司，台北，pp.155-pp.162。
37.蔡木村、陳伯宜、林淳杰、曾春風，機械冶金(1988)，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，台北，
pp.225-pp.230，pp.248-pp.258。
38.黃雨順，冶金與熱處理(1982)，五洲出版社，台北，pp.279-pp.286。
39.余煥騰、陳適範，金屬塑性加工學(2017)，全華圖書股份有限公司，新北，pp.19-pp.30，
pp.82-pp.88。
40.姚枚、陳鴻賓，金屬機械性能(1996)，全華科技股份有限公司，台北，pp.2-pp.9，pp.44-
pp.59。