臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於目前市面上與電腦相關的疲勞防護系統未被廣泛接受，為探究其因，本研究乃針對目前市面上三個常見的電腦疲勞防護系統進行使用性評估，以瞭解其使用性的主客觀績效，並探討其使用性問題與未被廣泛接受的關鍵因素。基於TAM3的主客觀使用性構面與路徑關係，本研究納入PSSUQ使用性評估問卷的相關問項，以瞭解電腦使用者在實際操作過電腦疲勞防護系統後的主觀使用性評價；並應用績效量測法，藉由生理回饋量測多重生理參數及實驗任務來驗證電腦疲勞防護系統對生理疲勞的改善程度，以及對電腦工作績效的影響。
針對10位個案進行兩階段對照組實驗後，結果顯示電腦疲勞防護系統在客觀使用性具有顯著的成效。同時，針對該10位個案進行主觀的使用性評估問卷調查後，依據TAM3的路徑關係及交叉比較分析得知，影響電腦疲勞防護系統主觀使用性的主要負面評價來自「輸出品質」、「結果展示度」、及「認知娛樂性」，並間接影響使用者的使用意願。另外，經訪談個案得知，多數有長時間使用電腦的經驗，且於疲勞發生時往往不自覺。最後，本研究綜合上述結果，提出未來改善電腦疲勞防護系統的具體建議。

Because that the computer fatigue prevention systems have not been widely accepted in the current market, this study focuses on evaluating the objective and subjective usability of three market available computer fatigue prevention systems to explore the key factors that reduce their acceptance and to discuss the usability problems. Based on the objective and subjective usability construct path relation of TAM3, this research integrated the related questions of PSSUQ to evaluate the subjective usability of the computer fatigue prevention systems after the subject uses. Meanwhile, according to the performance measuring methododology, the experimental tasks and the biofeedback measuring of the subjects’ multiple physiological parameters were conducted to verify their physiological fatigue and computer working performance.
After two-stage tests of ten subjects participating both control and experimental tasks, the results showed that the three target systems all gained positive objective usability. And by examining the results of the cross-comparis survey questionnaires and the TAM3 paths, we found that the key factors that negate the subjective usability of the target systems are “Out Quality”, “Result Quality”, and “Perceived Enjoyment”, which intermediately reduce their acceptance. Further, after interviewing the subjects, we found that most of them had experienced long-time using computer and ignoring computer fatigure. Finally, this study synthesizes the above results and proposes the improvement concrete proposal for the computer fatigue prevention systems.

誌 謝
摘 要 i
Abstract ii
目 次 iii
圖目次 v
表目次 vii
表目次 vii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1　研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究問題 2
1.3 研究目的 2
1.4　研究範圍及限制 3
1.5　論文架構 4
第二章　文獻探討 6
2.1 電腦作業相關的疲勞防護系統 6
2.1.1 EyeLoveU 電腦疲勞防護系統 11
2.1.2 Workrave 電腦疲勞防護系統 14
2.1.3 RSIGuard 電腦疲勞防護系統 17
2.2使用性工程 20
2.2.1 使用性評估的方法 21
2.2.2 績效量測法 (Performance Measures) 23
2.2.3 問卷調查法 (Questionnaire) 23
2.3 科技接受模型 24
2.3.1 慎思行動理論 (Theory of Reasoned Action, TRA) 24
2.3.2 計劃行為理論 (Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) 25
2.3.3 科技接受模型 (Technology Acceptance Model, TAM) 26
2.4 視覺疲勞相關研究 34
2.5 肌肉骨骼問題相關研究 35
2.6 生理回饋技術 (biofeedback technique) 37
2.6.1 肌電圖 (Electromyography, EMG) 37
2.6.2 心電圖 (Electromyography, ECG) 39
第三章 研究方法 41
3.1 使用性評估應用構面模型 42
3.1.1 應用模型構面之操作型定義 43
3.2 問卷設計 45
3.3 實驗設計 48
3.4 實驗內容及變項 49
3.4.1 自變項 50
3.4.2 依變項 51
3.5 實驗對象及場所 52
3.5.1 受測者 52
3.5.2 實驗環境 52
3.6 實驗任務執行工具 53
3.7 實驗流程 54
3.8 預設實驗結果與推理 57
3.9 資料分析方法 58
第四章 資料分析與結果 59
4.1 信效度分析 59
4.2生理數據結果分析 60
4.2.1 表面肌電(sEMG)數據分析 60
4.2.2 心率變異度(HRV)數據分析 63
4.2.3 眨眼頻次(BF)數據分析 64
4.3任務數據結果分析 67
4.3.1 每分鐘打字率分析 67
4.3.2 錯誤率分析 69
4.4 問卷調查結果分析 70
4.4.1 使用前評估結果分析 71
4.4.2 使用後評估結果分析 76
4.4.3 主客觀評估結果分析 92
第五章 結論與討論 94
參考文獻 96
附錄一、電腦疲勞防護系統使用前評估問卷 102
附錄二、電腦疲勞防護系統使用後評估問卷 104
附錄三、實驗同意書 107
附錄四、實驗與問卷數據統計表 108

中文部份
白宜晋（2007）。精密作業肌肉骨骼傷害風險評估及人因介入效應:以深圳某光電廠為例，碩士論文，華梵大學工業工程與經營資訊學系碩士班。
行政院勞委會勞工安全衛生研究所（1999）。電腦作業人員健康危害預防手冊。URL: http://www.iosh.gov.tw/netbook/workstat/workstatm0.htm
行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所 ( 2001 ) 。人因工程肌肉骨骼傷害預防指引，IOSH90-T042。
吳宗正、吳育東（2000）。LISREL模式應用於行動電話消費者滿意度之研究，碩士論文，國立成功大學統計研究所。
吳宏道（2002）。以虛實概念探討消費性電子產品介面之研究，碩士論文，國立雲林科技大學工業設計研究所。
吳欣潔、林志禹、陳協慶、王家濠 （2006）。電腦作業的人因風險因子與肌肉骨骼不適症狀的相關性。中華民國人因工程學會年會暨研討會13屆。
李正隆（1996）。電腦工作站之健康危害及預防對策探討，勞工安全衛生簡訊，19 期。
李淑佩、張英二、陳政友、楊智良、林隆光（1988）。學生視力保健實驗研究，衛生教育論文集刊，2，49-82。
周太一（2005）。和弦鍵盤字母配置與編碼之研究與設計，碩士論文，大同大學工業設計研究所。
林靜惠、陳榮銘（2006）。生物資訊工具介面設計研究－以NCBI 網站為例，中華民國設計學會第十一屆全國學術研討會論文，G-16-1-G-16-6 頁。
徐立威（2006）。光源、照度、字體大小及行間距對電子紙顯示器的視覺績效與視覺疲勞之影響，碩士論文，國立台灣科技大學工業管理系碩士班。
張晏蓉、葉婉榆、陳春萬、陳秋蓉、石東生、鄭雅文（2007）。台灣受僱者疲勞的分布狀況與相關因素。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，26（1），13。
陳佑嘉（2002）。多重生理參數量測式新型生物回饋系統，碩士論文，國立成功大學電機研究所。
陳昭銘（2001）。網際網路於使用性工程模式（UEM）之應用研究，碩士論文，國立成功大學工業設計研究所。
陳高揚、郭正典、駱惠銘（2000）。心律變異度：原理與應用。中華民國急救加護醫學會雜誌，第11眷2期，第47-58頁。
陳淑如、蔡月霞、羅映琪、蔡宜珊、鄭錡（2005）。心律變易度的簡介及護理上的應用，新台北護理期刊，第7眷1期，第1-11頁。
黃宏凱（2006）。立姿電腦工作站之偏好設定及上肢之姿勢與肌肉負荷的評估，碩士論文，中國醫藥大學職業安全衛生學系碩士班。
黃致憲（2005）。基於射箭選手情緒監控之生物回饋系統－以呼吸、體溫與心跳次數交互關係為指標，碩士論文，國立成功大學電機研究所。
葉瑞霞（2007）。不同型式電腦工作站作業人員之肌肉骨骼不適與風險因子之研究，碩士論文，華梵大學工業工程與經營資訊學系碩士班。
詹宜澤（2009）。疲勞防護系統使用意圖的影響因素與需求之研究，碩士論文，國立台東大學資訊管理學系碩士班。
劉一凡（2005）。平板電腦結合和弦鍵盤整合設計，碩士論文，國立成功大學工業設計學系碩士班。
英文部分
Akserlrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F.A., Shannon, D.C., Barger, A. C., & Cohen, R.J. (1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science213:220-222.
Ajzen, I. (1985). “From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior,” in Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior, eds. J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann, New Your: Springer Verlag, 11-39.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50: 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. ( 1980 ). “Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior”, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Agarwal, R.,& Karahanna, E. ( 2000 ). Time flies when you’re having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage. MIS Quarterly, 24, 665–694.
Bagozzi,R.P., and Yi Y. (1988). “On the evaluation of structural equation models”, Academy of Marketing Science, 16(4), pp.74-94.
Bob, A., Christy, T. and Jean, A. (2000). Stretching: 20th Anniversary Edition, Shelter Publications, Inc.
Blehm, C. (2005). “Computer Vision Syndrome: A Review”, Survey of phthalmology, Elsevier Inc., vol. 50, no. 3.
Blaesi, S., Hinson, B. R. & Peper, E. (2006). The optimal narrow vs. wide electrode placement to detect tension during both relaxation and activity. Presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.
Carter, J. B. and Banister, E. W. ( 1994 ). Musculoskeletal problems in VDT work: a review, Ergonomics, Vol. 37, pp. 10, 1623-1648.
Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. ( 1995a ). Application of social cognitive theory to training for computer skills. Information Systems Research, 6, 118–143.
Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. ( 1995b ). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, Vol.19, pp.189–211.
David , G., Woods,V., Li,G. & Buckle P. ( 2008 ). “ The development of the Quick Exposure Check ( QEC ) for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders ” , Applied Ergonomics, 39, 57-69.
Davis, F. D. (1986). A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results, Doctoral, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Davis, D. ( 1989 ). “ Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technologym”, MIS Quarterly, pp. 319-340.
Dan Morris, A.J. Bernheim Brush, & Brian, R., Meyers. (2008). SuperBreak: Using Interactivity to Enhance Ergonomic Typing Breaks, Microsoft Research.
Divjak, M., & Bischof H. (2009). “Eye blink based fatigue detection for prevention of Computer Vision Syndrome”,IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Applications, May 20-22, Yokohama, JAPAN.
European Society of Cardiology Task. F., North American Society and Electrophysiology. P. (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use, Circulation, vol. 93, pp. 1043-1065.
EyeLoveU. (2010). http://www.affdesign.com/
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). “Belief, Attitude, Intentions and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research”, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Hunting,
Fenety, A. and Walker, J.M. (2002). Short-term effects of workstation exercises on musculoskeletal discomfort and postal changes in seated video display unit workers. Physical Therapy. 82(6): p. 578-89.
Fagarasanu, M., Kumar, S. (2003). Carpal tunnel syndrome due to keyboarding and mouse tasks: a review. Int J Ind Ergon, 31, 119-136.
Fogleman, M. and Lewis, R. J. (2002). “Factors associated with self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort in video display terminal (VDT) users”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol.29, pp. 311-318.
Galinsky TL, Swanson NG, Sauter SL, et al. (2000). A field study of supplementary rest breaks for data-entry operators. Ergonomics, 43: 622–638.
Gang Pan, Lin Sun, Zhaohui Wu, Shihong Lao. (2007). "Eyeblink-based Anti-Spoofing in Face Recognition from a Generic Webcamera", iccv, pp.1-8, IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer Vision.
Horikawa, M. (2001). “Effect of visual display terminal height on the trapezius muscle hardness: quantitative evaluation by a newly developed muscle hardness
meter”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 32, pp. 473-478.
ISO (1998). ISO 9241 Ergonomics requirements for office work with visual display terminals part 11-guidance on Usability.
Jensen, C., Finsen, L., Søgaard, K., Christensen, H. (2002). Musculoskeletal symptoms and duration of computer and mouse use. Int J Ind Ergon, 30, 265-275.
Kromker, M., Weber, F., & Steinlechner, V. (1998). “A Reference Model and Software Support for Bid Preparation in Supply Chains in the Construction Industry”, Proceedings Ninth International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, pp.1009-1014.
Kuniavsky, M. (2003). Observing the User Experience: A Practitioner’s Guide to User Research, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, pp. 9-15.
Koppel R., Metlay J.P., Cohen A., Abaluck B., Localio A.R., Kimmel S.E. (2005). Role of Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in Facilitating Medication Errors, JAMA, 293(10), 197-203.
Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19, 192-207.
Lewis, J. R. (1995). IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 7(1), pp. 57-78.
Madeleine, P., Jorgensen, L.V., Sogaard, K., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Sjogaard G. (2002). Development of muscle fatigue as assessed by electromyography and
mechanomyography during continuous and intermittent low-force contractions: effects of the feedback mode. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(1), 28-37.
Nielsen, J. & Molich, R. (1990). Heuristic Evaluation of User Interfaces, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Empowering people, pp. 249-256 (Seattle, Washington, United States).
Nielsen, J. (1993). “Usability Engineering,” Academic Press Ltd, New York, pp26-27, pp224.
Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Pizzinelli P, Sandrone G, Malfatto G, Dell’Orto S, Piccaluga E, Turiel M, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Malliani A (1986). Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and in conscious dog. Circ Res 59:178-193.
Punnett, L., Wegman, D.H. (2004). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14, 13-23.
RSIGuard Stretch. (2010). http://rsiguard.com/
Shackel, B. (1993). “Human Factors for Informatics Usability,” Cambridge University Press. New York.
Sears, A. (2002). Testing and Evaluation, In: Jacko, J., Sears, A. (Eds.), The Human-computer Interaction Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, 1091-1092.
Szeto, G.P.Y., Straker, L.M., O’Sullivan, P.B. (2005). The effect of typing speed and force on motor control in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers. Int J Ind Ergon, 35, 779-795.
Shuval, K., Donchin, M. ( 2005 ). Prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic risk factors at a Hi-Tech company in Israel, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 569-581.
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophsiology. (1996). “Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use”, European Heart Journal, 17, pp.354-381.
Todru K, Nobuaki M, Yukikiko U, Monhiko O. (1999). Evaluation of Fatigue Using Heart Rate Variability and Myoelectric Signals During Sking. IEEE Transations on Biomedical Enginnering ; 585.
Tarata, M.T. (2003). Mechanomyography versus Electromyography, in monitoring the muscular fatigue. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 2(1), 3.
Venkatesh, V., & Fred D. Davis. (1996). A model of the Antecedents of Perceived Ease of Use: Development and Test, Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No.3, pp. 451-482.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46, 186–204.
Venkatesh, V., & Morris, M. G. (2000). Why don’t men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 24, 115–139.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. ( 2003 ). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27, 425– 478.
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions, Decision Sciences, Vol. 39, No.2.
Workrave. (2010). http://www.workrave.org/.
Zhang, Z. (2001). Overview of Usability Evaluation Methods. Retrieved March 27, 2009, Available from: < http://www.usabilityhome.com/ >
Z. Li, K. Jiao, M. Chen, and C. Wang. (2005), “Synthetic effect analysis of heart rate variability and blood pressure variability on driving mental fatigue”, 343-346.