臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

埃莉諾．奧斯特羅姆(Elinor Ostrom)指出，針對集體行動來處理公共資源管理的第三個途徑正是「社區」。此重要學術創建剛好貢獻全球治理由下而上之論述中的「民主赤字」和「人類安全」之討論。近年來，世界各地發生現代圈地運動，造成了一股全球性的農民反動。有趣的是，這些反動中所訴求的個人和社區層次之賦權卻非新鮮事。正如奧斯特羅姆在他的研究案例中就已經展現了，個人層次的賦權正是工業革命前，農業社會的運作模式─由某種社區共同決策的治理型態來處理日常之經濟行為，並且大多數人都參與決策程序中。我選擇了蓋瑞．哈登(Garrett Hardin)比喻為「悲劇」的英國公有地制度來當研究案例，提出本文的核心研究問題：英國中世紀公有地制度，作為一個歷史的案例和長期持續的制度，如何能成為社區治理，乃至於全球治理的借鏡？經案例分析，我主張地方社區和個人應被賦予社會、經濟和政治上的權利與認可，以維繫他們賴以維生的地方制度。本研究顯示，當地方或國家政府決定不再給予權利和認可時，那些依賴該制度維生的人將終遭致悲劇。本文點出英國公有地制度的缺陷，並希望藉此用以借鏡今日的全球治理。

As identified by Elinor Ostrom, a third approach to collective action on common resource management was the “community”. This important finding seemed to have been timely for contributing to academic debates on the issues of “democratic deficiency” and the “human security” aspects of bottom-up approaches in overall global governance. In recent years, modern-day enclosure movements in places around the world have led to international peasantry movements. Interestingly, the empowerment of individuals and communities these movements are fighting for are nothing new. Just as Ostrom has shone in some of her cases, it was how agrarian human society functioned at the local level before the industrial revolution—with some kind of communal decision making process in place to decide on essential issues impacting peasants’ livelihood activities and where most people affected were involved in the process. Choosing the same “commons” Garret Hardin alluded to as a “tragedy”, I asked the center question of the paper: What light can the British medieval commons, as a historical case and a long-enduring institution, shed on community-based institutions and even global governance today? From the case, I argue that local communities and individuals should be given social, economic, and even political empowerment and recognition for the livelihood institutions they depend on. This study shows that when local and national authorities decide not to support this empowerment and give recognition, it brings tragedy to those whose livelihoods depended on the institution. Learning from the institutional shortcomings of the British commons, I hope to point out useful implications to global governance of today.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I
ENGLISH ABSTRACT III
CHINESE ABSTRACT (中文摘要) IV
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH QUESTION 1
1.2 RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHOD 7
1.3 RESEARCH STRUCTURE 9
1.4 RESEARCH CONSTRAINTS 11
1.5 USE OF TERMINOLOGY 12
CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL CASE STUDY—THE MEDIEVAL BRITISH COMMONFIELDS 15
2.1 THE ORIGINAL “TRAGEDY” OF THE BRITISH COMMONS—A HISTORICAL MISUNDERSTANDING 15
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE MEDIEVAL BRITISH COMMONS AND COMMONFIELDS 17
2.2.1 The Initiation 19
2.2.2 The Daily Workings 23
2.2.3 The Collapse 26
2.3 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF BRITISH COMMONFIELD SYSTEMS 30
2.4 ARGUING A NEW CASE: THE REAL TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS 36
CHAPTER III: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE—HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS ON THE BRITISH COMMONS 41
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 41
3.2 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK OF EXPLAINING CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 50
3.2.1 Self-reproduction Mechanisms 50
3.2.2 Research Framework 55
3.3 ANALYSIS 56
3.3.1 Identifying Factors of Continuity 56
3.3.2 Identifying Factors of Change 69
3.4 DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 72
CHAPTER IV: THE BRITISH MEDIEVAL COMMONS AS A CPR INSTITUTION? 75
4.1 LITERATURE ON COMMON-POOL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CPR) 75
4.2 CHARACTERISTIC DISCREPANCIES OF THE BRITISH COMMONS AND CPR CASES 78
4.3 HOW THE BRITISH COMMONS CAN STILL FIT IN WITH CPR 79
4.4 THEORIZING THE COLLAPSE OF THE BRITISH COMMONS FROM A CPR VIEWPOINT 85
4.5 POLICY IMPLICATIONS 90
CHAPTER V: BACK TO THE FUTURE—POLICY IMPLICATIONS TO THE 21ST CENTURY 92
5.1 PROBLEMS ON THE BRITISH COMMONS 92
5.2 COMPARING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MIDLAND AND EAST ANGLIA MODELS 94
5.3 POLICY IMPLICATIONS FROM THE CPR PERSPECTIVE TO GLOBAL GOVERNANCE TODAY 99
5.4 FURTHER RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS 101
BIBLIOGRAPHY 102

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