臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣畜牧以養豬業為大宗，衍生大量須處理的豬糞。許多文獻指出以蚯蚓堆肥法能有效處理禽畜動物糞便，可用友善環境方式將其轉化為價值更高之蚓糞堆肥(Vermicompost)，而蚯蚓本身又能做為其他動物食物的飼料。台灣堆肥蚯蚓品種雖泛稱為太平二號(紅蚯蚓)，但其確切品種為安卓愛勝蚓 (Eisenia andrei)、掘穴環爪蚓 (Perionyx excavatus)及尤金真蚓 (Eudrilus eugeniae) 等較常見的三品種。因目前未見有文獻同時比較此3種蚯蚓利用豬糞的特性與潛力評估，故本研究旨在探討台灣堆肥蚯蚓對豬糞資源化的效益及作為飼料原料之潛力，希冀達成友善環境的循環經濟模式。
試驗一先確認台灣主要用於蚯蚓堆肥的養殖品種，再將其飼養於蚯蚓養殖常用之廢棄菇包木屑與旱田土壤以進行比較，紀錄其基本生長參數並檢視進行蚯蚓堆肥時蚯蚓是否逃出堆肥區域，以評估其是否有外來種入侵疑慮。本試驗共調查台灣目前仍營業的9間蚯蚓養殖場，確認主要的堆肥品種確實為上述三種，但同時擁有三品種之養殖場僅一間。試驗一結束後，安卓愛勝蚓、掘穴環爪蚓及尤金真蚓平均生質量分別為0.38 ± 0.03 g、0.35 ± 0.18 g及2.20 ± 0.11 g，且具顯著差異(P<0.01)，顯示三種蚯蚓在體型上的不同。另一方面，養殖於田間土壤中的存活率不亞於木屑者，僅安卓愛勝蚓飼養在木屑者較低 (80.00 ± 10.00%) (n=3, P<0.001)，證實目前常見的堆肥蚯蚓仍有機會在土壤中存活而有外來種入侵疑慮。
試驗二將豬糞分為對照組 (空白)及加入EM菌的處理組此兩種方式進行預堆肥，再分別放入三種蚯蚓，以2x3複因子試驗設計探討三種堆肥蚯蚓在豬糞不同預堆肥方式中的生長性能及堆肥效益。結果顯示各組碳氮比皆低於13:1，證實三種堆肥蚯蚓對豬糞堆肥的效益甚佳，其中三種蚯蚓在對照組堆肥的碳氮比值較EM菌組低 (P<0.001)，而加入EM菌似不影響蚯蚓最後的生質量，存活率也無差異 (P>0.05)。
試驗三接續試驗二將各種處理之蚯蚓進行成分分析，了解三種蚯蚓在不同豬糞預堆肥方式中之體組成，探討蚯蚓在堆肥豬糞後做為飼料原料之潛力。試驗結果證實此豬糞預堆肥法所飼養蚯蚓的營養成分甚高，具做為飼料原料的潛力，其中以對照組之掘穴環爪蚓潛力最佳 (P<0.001)，粗蛋白質約69%及粗脂肪約16%，唯其體型較小在採集時恐較費時。而另兩種蚯蚓的營養成分也甚高，故可將此三種蚯蚓綜合使用，但本研究仍建議未來可朝向純品系分開飼養以精緻化蚯蚓養殖產業。
綜言之，台灣三種堆肥蚯蚓皆能在豬糞中生長良好並能有效地處理豬糞，經豬糞堆肥後的蚯蚓也具高營養價值，有替代飼料原料的潛力。因此，此資源循環利用模式極具發展之可行性。

The pig industry is the largest livestock industry in Taiwan, it derived much pig manure to be treated. Many studies indicate that the livestock's manure can be effectively treated and turned it into a high added-value compost in an environmental friendly pathway particularly by vermicomposting. In addition, earthworm can also be used as raw material feeding other animals. Although the vermicomposting species is commonly known as Tai-pin #2 (red earthworm), there are actually including three common species as Eisenia andrei and Perionyx excavates and Eudrilus eugeniae. The present study aims to explore the utilization of vermicomposting by using pig manure and its substitution of feed material by vermicomposting to achieve a cyclical resource utilization in Taiwan.
Trial 1 aims to investigate the vermicomposting species in Taiwan, they were initially reared respectively in spent mushroom substrate (SMS) which is commonly used and field soil from an eco-farm nearby in which the latter for evaluating the possibility of alien species invasion. A total of nine earthworm farms were investigated in this trial and found the main vermicomposting worms including three species above, however only one farm with all three species. Furthermore, the body sizes (P<0.001) for all three species were significantly different, Eisenia andrei and Perionyx excavates and Eudrilus eugeniae are 0.38 ± 0.03 g and 0.35 ± 0.18 g and 2.20 ± 0.11 g respectively. Significant differences was found with the survival rate betwen those reared in field soil and spent mushroom substrate on Eudrilus eugeniae (P>0.05). Eisenia andrei with a lower survival rate reared in SMS than that of field soil, indicates that the common vermicomposting species may have the opportunity to survive in the field.
Trial 2 aims to evaluate the growth performance and composting capacity in pig manure for three earthworm species in different pre-composting conditions. With three earthworm species reared in two pre-composting conditions including the control group without any treatment and with EM bacteria as treatment group. The results showed good vermicomposting capacity of the three earthworm species with their C:N ratios being less than 13:1 after vermicomposting, which indicated the three earthworm species having good ability on vermicomposting pig manure. The C:N ratios in control group were less than that of pre-composting groups with EM bacteria (P<0.001), hence it appeared that the pre-composting groups with EM bacteria possessed no effects on the final biomass and survival rate of earthworms (P>0.05).
Trial 3 followed by Trial 2 aims to evaluate the vermicomposting earthworms used as substitution of fish feed by proximate analysis on the three worm species. After vermicomposting with pig manure, the nutrition composition for all three earthworm species possessed high nutrient composition, hence they all have opportunities to replace feed ingredients. Particlarly, Perionyx excavates contains the highest crude protein 69% and crude lipid 16%. Though Perionyx excavates is probably the best candidate in vermicomposting pig manure as ended up with the highest crude protein and lipid content, it may be time-consuming to collect them as their small body sizes. Still, I recommend all three species being good candidates can be easily to fresh feed other living organisms as the other two species also possess the high nutrients as that of Perionyx excavates when replacing feed ingredient or fish meal. Hence, in the study it is still recommended by using polyculture in vermicompsoting pig manure while it may be helpful to develop single species vermiculture for the further study.
In conclusion, the three vermicomposting species in the present study all exist good opportunities for vermicomposting pig manure in Taiwan, they all possess high nutrients (CP/CF) and good potentials to replace some feed ingredients after vermicomposting pig manure. Therefore, the cyclical use of converting agriculture waste into resource by vermicomposting as a feasible solution is highly recommended for further development.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
致謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
附圖次 X
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻回顧 3
一、 農業廢棄物 3
(一) 農業廢棄物循環再利用法 3
(二) 豬糞處理方法 4
二、 蚯蚓 6
(一) 蚯蚓身體構造 7
(二) 蚯蚓成分分析 11
(三) 生活習性及環境需求 11
(四) 蚯蚓養殖 11
(五) 蚯蚓的價值與利用 15
參、 材料與方法 19
一、 研究流程 19
二、 試驗目的及方法 20
(一) 試驗一：台灣養殖蚯蚓基礎調查 20
(二) 試驗二：三種堆肥蚯蚓在不同預堆肥法豬糞中生長性能及繁殖性能比較 25
(三) 試驗三：3種堆肥蚯蚓體組成分析 29
三、 測量及分析方法 30
(一) 蚯蚓生長性能及繁殖性能 30
(二) 蚯蚓體組成近似分析 30
(三) 豬糞及木屑基質各式參數 32
(四) 蚯蚓品種鑑定 32
四、 統計分析 34
肆、 試驗結果 35
一、 試驗一：台灣養殖蚯蚓基礎調查 35
(一) 台灣主要養殖品種調查 35
(二) 養殖品種基本數值紀錄及外來種入侵可能性評估 36
二、 試驗二：堆肥蚯蚓對豬糞資源化效益 42
(一) 豬糞基質參數 42
(二) 豬糞中蚯蚓性能 46
三、 試驗三：堆肥蚯蚓替代飼料潛力評估 51
(一) 蚯蚓水分含量 51
(二) 蚯蚓粗脂肪含量 51
(三) 蚯蚓粗蛋白質含量 51
(四) 蚯蚓灰分含量 51
伍、 討論 54
一、 台灣堆肥蚯蚓 54
二、 豬糞堆肥化 54
三、 蚯蚓生長性能 55
四、 蚯蚓繁殖性能 57
五、 蚯蚓體組成 58
陸、 結論與建議 61
柒、 參考文獻 62
捌、 附錄 68

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