臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

行人天橋旨在將行人與道路上的車輛分開，以提高交通便利性和行人安全，然而，在街道中建造行人天橋可能導致微氣候變化；現今各大城市朝著高密度垂直化發展，市區處於接近無風狀態導致通風率下降和熱島效應漸增。本文考慮當地的微氣候條件和城市狀況，藉由計算流體力學(CFD)模擬技術，探討高層建築群間不同行人天橋的構型設計對於都市中街廓與通道空間之室內外空氣通風和舒適度的影響。結果顯示行人天橋的設置，對低層與中層建築高度當地室外微氣候環境的影響有限。改變行人天橋之寬度(3m, 6m, 9m)、內部淨高度(3m, 4m, 無蓋)及兩側屏幕高度(1.25m, 2m, 2.75m)，以分析行人天橋通道內氣流速度、溫度和污染分佈，並以每小時空氣交換率(ACH)、生理等效溫度（PET）和清除流率(PFR)探討空氣通風、熱舒適性能和汙染去除率效能，以達到行人在天橋內有最大的舒適性。結果敘明天橋寬度縮減使氣流穿越之路徑減小而流阻較低，速度相對上升，故寬度較窄之天橋(設計案例一之寬度3m)顯現最高換氣率；但橋寬變化對太陽照射與對流熱傳效應下之橋內溫度分佈影響有限；無頂蓋(設計案例五)與較高之兩側屏幕(設計案例七之兩側屏幕高度2.75m)引致PET熱感受度為熱(38℃~42℃)，其餘案例之PET熱感受度介於34℃至38℃之間屬溫暖範圍；天橋構型的變化對阻隔污染的效果並不顯著，較寬之天橋(設計案例三之寬度9m)則有著最佳之清除流率值(PFR)。

Pedestrian bridges are designed to separate pedestrians from vehicles on the road to improve traffic and pedestrian safety. However, the presence of pedestrian bridges may deteriorate the microclimates in street canyons. The development of high-density urban street canyons toward dense high-rise buildings causes the decline of ventilation rate, heat island effect and pollutant accumulation resulting from the breezeless state in the downtown area. Based on the local microclimate and urban conditions, this study applies the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technology to explore the influences of pedestrian bridge design between buildings on the air ventilation, thermal comfort and pollution dispersion of the indoor and outdoor spaces of the bridge and street canyons. The results show that the impact of pedestrian bridge structures on the local microclimate environment is insignificant for low and medium-rise buildings. Change the width (3m, 6m, 9m), interior height (3m, 4m, no cap) and barrier’s height (1.25m, 2m, 2.75m) of pedestrian bridge to analyze the velocity, temperature and pollution distributed over the internal passage space of pedestrian bridge. In addition, this paper explores the air ventilation, thermal comfort results and pollution removal rate in terms of the air exchange rate per hour (ACH), physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and purging flow rate (PFR) performance to maximize the comfort of pedestrians. The results show that the reduction of bridge’s width reduces the path of airflow, and flow resistance is lower, the velocity is relatively higher. Therefore, the bridge with narrow width (Case1 of pedestrian bridge’s width is 3m) shows the best ACH result, but the bridge’s width variation has no obvious influences on the temperature inside the bridge with effect of solar radiation and convection of heat transfer. No top cap (Case5) and higher barrier’s height (Case7 of barrier’s height is 2.75m) cause PET thermal sensitivity to be hot (38°C~42°C), except for them, the other Case’s PET results are warm (34°C~38 °C). Change the configuration of the pedestrian bridge on blocking the pollution is not significant, the wider pedestrian bridge (Case3 of pedestrian bridge’s width is 9m) has the best PFR value.

摘　要 i
誌 謝 v
目 錄 vi
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 3
1.2.1 計算流體力學在通風評估上的運用 3
1.2.2城市策略於減緩熱島效應與提升行人舒適度之相關研究 4
1.2.3大氣邊界層理論 5
1.2.4舒適度評估指標 12
1.3 研究目的 15
第二章 研究區域 16
2.1計算模型說明 16
2.2行人天橋設計之準則 17
第三章 理論分析 19
3.1 基本假設與統御方程式 19
3.1.1 統御方程式 19
3.1.2 k-ε紊流方程式 20
3.2 大氣邊界層之風速剖面 21
3.3 熱輻射模型(Radiation Model) 22
3.4物種傳遞模型(Species Transport Model) 24
3.5邊界條件 26
3.6 數值方法 27
第四章 結果與討論 31
4.1網格獨立性測試 32
4.2計算模型驗證 34
4.3天橋對密集高層建築街廓室外風場結果 36
4.3.1速度場分析 36
4.3.2溫度場分析 38
4.4天橋空間之室內風場結果 41
4.4.1速度場分析 41
4.4.2溫度場分析 45
4.5天橋內微氣候環境評估 48
4.5.1換氣量ACH 48
4.5.2熱舒適度PET 49
4.5.3污染環境評估 51
第五章 結論 54
參考文獻 56
符號彙編 61

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