臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究為分析地形開闊度應用於自製三維地形圖與GPS定位精度之關係。地形開闊度近20年來廣泛被研究，且多使用於繪製地形圖與判釋崩塌地。本研究提出兩種地形開闊度之計算方法，分別為平均法與八方位法，來分析兩種不同地形開闊度算法在自製三維地形圖中之差異。除此之外，並分析地形開闊度值與GPS定位精度之關係，測試地點包括市區與山坡地。
在自製三維地形圖中，利用八方位算法計算所得之地形開闊度其地形呈現效果較平均法好，其較能顯示出細微地形；在GPS定位中，八方位法其PDOP值所對應之地形開闊度值較平均法合理，因此較推薦使用八方位法計算地形開闊度應用在GPS定位測量中。本研究分析了產製自製三維主題圖時，使用不同地形開闊度計算方法的成果。除此之外，也提供了一個決定GPS測站設置熱區的重要方法。

This thesis analyzes the topographic openness applied to self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps and global positioning system (GPS) positioning accuracy. The topographic openness has been studied in the past 20 years. It is mostly used for topographic map generation and landslide interpretation. We provide two methods of computing topographic openness, the average method and the eight-direction method, to analyze their difference in creating the self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps. In addition, the relationship between the topographic openness and the GPS positioning accuracy is analyzed. The test areas include urban areas and hillsides. In the self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps, the topographic openness derived from the eight-direction method show a better result than those derived from the average method because it can present more detailed terrain. In GPS positioning, the topographic openness corresponding to the PDOP values are more reasonable than the average method. Therefore, we recommend using the eight-direction method in the GPS survey. This study analyzes the results of using different topographic openness calculation methods for creating the self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps. In addition, an important method of determining the hot zone for setting up a GPS station is also provided.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 v
表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 文獻回顧 2
1-3 研究流程 6
第二章 研究方法 8
2-1 地形開闊度原理 8
2-1-1 平均法 11
2-1-2 八方位法 13
2-2 自製三維地形圖 15
2-3 測站點位解算原理 19
第三章 研究區域與研究資料介紹 22
3-1 研究區域 22
3-2 研究資料 24
3-3 GPS施測 25
第四章 結果與討論 30
4-1 自製三維地形圖成果分析 30
4-2 GPS定位精度分析 34
4-2-1 地形開闊度值比較 34
4-2-2 地形開闊度值與定位精度比較 52
第五章 結論與建議 58
參考文獻 60

[1].王轲、王琤、张青峰、丁凯隆 (2015)。地形开度和差值图像阈值分割原理相结合的黄土高原沟沿线提取法，测绘学报，第44卷，第１期，第67-75頁。
[2].李麗萍 (2017)。自製三維視覺化地圖於地形判釋之研究，碩士論文，國立中興大學，臺灣台中。
[3].李璟芳、曹鼎志、黃韋凱、林聖琪、. 尹孝元 (2018)。天空開闊度與局部立體模型於山崩判釋及地形變異評估: 以台東縣紅葉村為例，中華水土保持學報，第49卷，第1期，第27-39頁。
[4].高書屏 (2012)。衛星定位測量概論。臺北市；詹氏書局。
[5].高治喜、連惠邦 (2015)。運用遙測技術協助判釋大規模崩塌潛勢區域微地形特徵之研究，行政院農業委員會水土保持局中華民國104 年10 月編印。
[6].莊智清 (2012)。衛星導航。新北市：全華圖書。
[7].陳奕中、侯進雄、謝有忠、陳柔妃、吳若穎 (2014)。高解析度空載光達資料結合地形開闊度分析於構造地形特徵之應用，航測及遙測學刊，第18卷，第2期，第67-78頁。
[8].謝有忠、侯進雄、胡植慶、費立沅、陳宏仁、邱禎龍、詹瑜璋（2016）。地形計測方法應用於潛在大規模崩塌之判釋。航測及遙測學刊，第20捲，第4期，第263-277頁。
[9].蕭宇伸 (2017)。以嶄新3D地形表現技術(H.O.S.T地圖)輔助地形判釋，水土保持局創新研究小組期末報告書。
[10].大疆創新科技有限公司(https://store.dji.com/zh-tw?gclid=CjwKCAjwgr3ZBRAAEiwAGVssneb1SBh66BfwlPpaDUItkNNVj9pX1YbwcSNG6RuiVfoBcUJcZNeAiRoCLBoQAvD_BwE)
[11].內政部國土測繪中心(https://egnss.nlsc.gov.tw/content.aspx?i=20150625101919243#)
[12].苗栗縣泰安鄉公所(http://www.taian.gov.tw/taian_township/)
[13].國立中興大學(https://www.nchu.edu.tw/index1.php)
[14].Blum, R., Bischof, R., Sauter, U.H., Foeller, J., (2016). Tests of reception of the combination of GPS and GLONASS signals under and above forest canopy in the Black Forest, Germany, using choke ring antennas. International Journal of Forest. Engineering 27(1), pp. 2–14.
[15].Chiba, T., Kaneta, S. I., and Suzuki, Y. (2008). Red relief image map: new visualization method for three dimensional data, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37, pp. 1071-1076.
[16].Doneus, M. (2013). Openness as visualization technique for interpretative mapping of airborne lidar derived topographic models. Remote Sens, 5, pp. 6427–6442.
[17].Lin, Z., Kaneda, H., Mukoyama, S., Asada, N. and Chiba, T.,(2013). Detection of subtle tectonic-geomorphic features in densely forested mountains by very high-resolution airborneLiDAR survey. Geomorphology, 182, pp. 104-115.
[18].Owari, T., Kasahara H., Oikawa, N. and Fukuoka, S. (2009) Seasonal variation of global positioning system (GPS) accuracy within the Tokyo University Forest in Hokkaido. Bull. Tokyo Univ. For. 120: 19–28.
[19].Prima, O. D. A and Yoshida, T. (2010). Characterization of volcanic geomorphology and geology by slope and topographic openness. Geomorphology, 118, pp. 22-32.
[20].Samy, I., Shattri, M., Bujang, B., K., and Ahmad, R., M. (2010) Topographic openness algorithm for characterizing geologic fractures of Kuala Lumpur limestone bedrock using DEM. J Geomat 4, pp. 61–68
[21].Wing, M. G, Eklund, A, and Kellogg, L. D. (2005). ConsumerGrade Global Positioning System (GPS) Accuracy and Reliability. J. Forestry 103, pp. 169–173.
[22].Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobbe, F. (2013). Generic Mapping Tools: Improved version released, EOS Trans. AGU, San Francisco, USA.
[23].Yokoyama, R., Shirasawa, M., and Pike, R. J. (2002). Visualizing topography by openness: a new application of image processing to digital elevation models, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 68, pp. 257-265
[24].Trimble GNSS Planning Online (https://www.gnssplanning.com/#/settings)