臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在航空運輸穩定成長之趨勢下，飛航安全是最要之課題。就飛航事故而言，人為因素是造成航空器意外事件以及失事之主要原因，其中有關航空器駕駛員以及飛航管制員之溝通疏失為顯著的議題。
對於航空器駕駛員與飛航管制員溝通之多數研究多為國際上之統計數據，而非以駕駛員及管制員之個人經歷與感受作為調查依據，同時此議題之研究於台灣地區亦較為缺乏。本研究以航空器駕駛員與飛航管制員之觀點透過問卷填答，探索特定原因造成特定溝通疏失，而進一步造成特定之飛航事故。並比較駕駛員以及管制員對於此原因、疏失以及事故關係結果之不同，最後針對研究發現提供結論與建議。
藉由探索性因素分析，本研究萃取五項駕駛員與管制員溝通疏失之常見原因，包含工作負荷、言語因素、駕駛員期望、相似呼號以及頻率轉換；兩項主要溝通疏失，包含覆誦與覆聽錯誤以及駕駛員無覆誦；兩項主要飛航事故，包含跑道入侵與高度/航向偏航。結果顯示駕駛員認為工作負荷、駕駛員期望以及頻率轉換顯著與溝通疏失有關聯；而管制員則認為言語因素、駕駛員期望以及相似呼號為顯著有關因素。接著本研究找出駕駛員與管制員溝通疏失與各種飛航事故之關係。依據研究結果，本研究提供航空器駕駛員、飛航管制員、航空公司以及政府機關減少駕駛員與管制員溝通疏失以及飛航事故之意見，以保障飛航安全。

The demands for air transportation keep growing steadily and issues of flight safety are the most important. Human factors are the main reasons for air incidents and accidents, of which pilot-controller communication error is one of the noticeable issues.
Most studies addressed this issue with international statistical data, not personal experiences of pilots and controllers in Taiwan. From the subjective results of a questionnaire survey, this study first examined which factor may lead to which communication errors, and next found out which communication error may cause specific aviation occurrences. Third, comparing different results between pilots and controllers and finally this study provided practical implications and suggestions.
By Exploratory Factor Analysis, this study extracted five factors, including workload, linguistic factors, pilot anticipation, similar call sign, and frequency change. Besides, this study found two communication errors as readback and hearback error and no pilot readback, and two main aviation occurrences, including runway incursion and altitude/heading deviation. From pilots’ viewpoints, the significant factors comprised workload, pilot anticipation, and frequency change, whereas controllers think those are linguistic factors, pilot anticipation and similar call sign. Furthermore, this study found the different relations between communication errors and aviation occurrences based on pilots and controllers’ opinion. All results suggest pilots and controllers, airlines and government focus on the factors and improve to avoid communication errors and aviation occurrences.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research background and motivation 1
1.2 Research purpose 5
1.3 Research scope and object 6
1.4 Research procedure 6
Chapter 2 Literature Review 9
2.1 Definitions, job characteristics and relationship 9
2.1.1 Definitions and job characteristics of pilot 9
2.1.2 Definitions and job characteristics of air traffic controller 11
2.1.3 Relationship between pilot and controller 13
2.2 Communication process and communication error 14
2.2.1 Communication process 14
2.2.2 Communication Error 18
2.2.3 Types of pilot-controller communication error 21
2.3 Factor and related aviation occurrence of pilot-controller communication error 23
2.3.1 Factor 24
2.3.2 Related aviation occurrence 30
2.4 Summary of the factor, error, and occurrence 32
2.5 Case studies 33
2.5.1 Case studies in Taiwan 34
2.5.2 International Case studies 36
2.5.3 Case studies conclusion 41
Chapter 3 Methodology 42
3.1 Procedure of methodology 42
3.2 Research framework 43
3.3 Research hypothesis development 45
3.3.1 The cognitive difference among pilot and controller 46
3.3.2 The relation between factors and communication error 46
3.3.3 The relation between communication error and aviation occurrence 47
3.4 Questionnaire design 47
3.4.1 Design procedure 48
3.4.2 Expert Validity 49
3.4.3 Formal questionnaire 50
3.5 Data analysis 60
3.5.1 Analysis technique 60
3.5.2 Hypothetical regression formula 64
Chapter 4 Analysis and Results 65
4.1 Descriptive statistical analysis 65
4.1.1 Questionnaires collection 65
4.1.2 Demographic Profile 66
4.1.3 Agreement level on contributing factors of communication errors 70
4.1.4 Frequencies of communication errors 73
4.1.5 Frequencies of aviation occurrences due to communication errors 76
4.2 Factor and reliability analysis 78
4.2.1 Factor and reliability analysis for communication errors’ factors 78
4.2.2 Factor and reliability analysis for communication errors 83
4.2.3 Factor and reliability analysis for aviation occurrences 85
4.3 T-Test for difference between means for pilots and controllers 88
4.4 Differences among responses categories 90
4.5 Factor-error-occurrence regression analysis 95
4.5.1 Regression analysis of factors and communication errors 96
4.5.2 Explanation for the factor-communication error 99
4.5.3 Regression analysis of communication errors and aviation occurrences 103
4.5.4 Explanation of communication errors and aviation occurrences 107
4.5.5 Verification of the results 108
4.6 Summary 111
Chapter 5 Conclusions and suggestions 115
5.1 Research conclusions 115
5.2 Research suggestions 117
5.3 Research contributions 121
5.4 Limitation and Future research suggestions 122
Reference 124
Appendix I-Preliminary Questionnaire 132
Appendix II-Formal Questionnaire 150
Appendix III- Correlation Analysis 164

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