臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

以快閃記憶體為基礎的固態硬碟,擁有低功率、抗震、以及高隨機存取能力等優點,逐
漸取代傳統硬碟。然而, 固態硬碟的效能深受管理機制的影響,現存的傳統硬碟效能評
測程式無法反應管理機制的優劣,使得使用效能與量測效能有顯著落差。本論文提出固
態硬碟管理機制的效能評分工具,可搭配傳統的硬碟評測程式,分析存取樣式對管理機
制的挑戰, 並測試各固態硬碟的效能。使用者可以透過論文中的評分工具,依照個人日
常習慣,選擇最合適的固態硬碟。

In recent years, SSD (Solid-State-Disk) has started to take the place of the traditional hard disk due to low power consumption, high shock resistance and fast random access.However, there is a gap between the performance claimed by manufacturers of the SSD and users’ experiences. The main reason is that the performance cost of the internal management mechanism in SSD is not taken into account by the hard disk benchmark tools.This paper proposes a benchmark rating tool for SSD to analyze the SSD management overhead from access patterns of a real system and hard disk benchmark. Users can use the proposed tool to choose suitable SSD according to their requirement.

第一章緒論 ......................................1
1.1研究背景與研究動機 .......................... 1
1.2研究目的 ................................. 3
1.3論文架構 ................................. 3
第二章固態硬碟效能測試相關研究 ......................4
2.1固態硬碟效能測試方法研究背景 .................... 4
2.2固態硬碟管理機制 ............................ 5
2.2.1位置對應 ........................... 5
2.2.2垃圾收集 ........................... 7
2.2.3緩衝管理 ........................... 8
2.3固態硬碟效能測試方法相關文獻 .................... 9
第三章存取樣式評分機制 ..........................10
3.1評分理論模型定義 ............................ 10
3.2存取樣式評分機制之位置對應 ..................... 10
3.3存取樣式評分機制之垃圾收集 ..................... 15
3.4存取樣式評分機制之緩衝管理 ..................... 18
第四章存取樣式評分機制實作模型 ................23
4.1實驗系統架構 .............................. 23
4.2評分機制挑選 .............................. 26
第五章存取樣式評分機制實作驗證 ................30
5.1實驗環境設定 .............................. 30
5.1.1實驗平台與待測固態硬碟 ................... 30
5.1.2存取樣式收集、分析及重現之環境 .............. 31
5.1.3存取樣式挑選與分類 ..................... 31
5.2實驗結果 ................................. 35
5.2.1硬碟效能評測程式實驗結果 .................. 35
5.2.2緩衝管理評分實驗結果 .................... 37
5.2.3垃圾收集評分實驗結果 .................... 40
5.2.4位置對應評分實驗結果 .................... 44
5.2.5一般性硬碟效能評測程式結合本論文之實驗結果 ....... 48
第六章結論與未來展望 .......................51
6.1結論 ................................... 51
6.2未來展望 ................................. 51
參考文獻 .....................................52

[1] S. Elec., “1Gx8 Bit/2Gx8 Bit NAND Flash Memory,” Tech. Rep., 2007.
[2] S.-W. Lee, D.-J. Park, T.-S. Chung, D.-H. Lee, S. Park, and H.-J. Song, “A log buffer-based flash translation layer using fully-associative sector translation,” ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst., vol. 6, July 2007.
[3] Kaushik, “Paragon partition alignment tool improves hard disk and SSD performance,” Instant Fundas, http://www.instantfundas.com/2010/06/paragon-partition-alignment-tool.html, Tech. Rep., 2010.
[4] FUTUREMARK COPORATION, “PCMark05,” http://www.futuremark.com/products/pcmark05/.
[5] Iometer Project, “IOMeter,” http://www.iometer.org/.
[6] EFD Software, “HD Tune,” http://www.hdtune.com/.
[7] I. Corporation, “PC GamerWin Big,” http://www.intel.com/references/pdfs/324678.pdf,2010.
[8] S.-W. Lee, B. Moon, C. Park, J.-M. Kim, and S.-W. Kim, “A case for flash memory ssd in enterprise database applications,” in Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data. ACM, 2008, pp. 1075–1086.
[9] X.-Y. Hu, E. Eleftheriou, R. Haas, I. Iliadis, and R. Pletka, “Write amplification analysis in flash-based solid state drives,” in Proceedings of SYSTOR 2009: The Israeli Experimental Systems Conference, 2009, pp. 10:1–10:9.
[10] D. Jung, Y.-H. Chae, H. Jo, J.-S. Kim, and J. Lee, “A group-based wear-leveling algorithm for large-capacity flash memory storage systems,” in Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems. ACM, 2007, pp. 160–164.
[11] L.-P. Chang, “On efficient wear leveling for large-scale flash-memory storage systems,” in Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Applied computing, ser. SAC ’07. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007, pp. 1126–1130. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1244002.1244248
[12] J.-W. Hsieh, T.-W. Kuo, and L.-P. Chang, “Efficient identification of hot data for flash memory storage systems,” ACM Transactions on Storage, pp. 22–40, February 2006.
[13] S. Baek, S. Ahn, J. Choi, D. Lee, and S. H. Noh, “Uniformity improving page allocation for flash memory file systems,” in Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software. ACM, 2007, pp. 154–163.
[14] M.-L. Chiang, P. Lee, and R.-C. Chang, “Managing flash memory in personal communication devices,” in Proceedings of 1997 IEEE International Symposium on
Consumer Electronics, 1997. ISCE ’97.,, dec 1997, pp. 177 –182.
[15] S.-y. Park, D. Jung, J.-u. Kang, J.-s. Kim, and J. Lee, “CFLRU: a replacement algorithm for flash memory,” in Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems, ser. CASES ’06, 2006, pp. 234–241.
[16] H. Kim and S. Ahn, “BPLRU: a buffer management scheme for improving random
writes in flash storage,” in Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, ser. FAST’08, 2008, pp. 16:1–16:14.
[17] H. Jo, J.-U. Kang, S.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, and J. Lee, “Fab: flash-aware buffer management policy for portable media players,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 485 – 493, May 2006.
[18] D. Seo and D. Shin, “Recently-evicted-first buffer replacement policy for flash storage devices,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1228 –1235, august 2008.
[19] D. Ajwani, I. Malinger, U. Meyer, and S. Toledo, “Characterizing the performance of flash memory storage devices and its impact on algorithm design,” in Experimental Algorithms, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2008, vol. 5038, pp. 208–219.
[20] P.-C. Huang, Y.-H. Chang, T.-W. Kuo, J.-W. Hsieh, and M. Lin, “The behavior analysis of flash-memory storage systems,” IEEE International Symposium on Object- Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing, pp. 529–534, 2008.
[21] L. Bouganim, B. T. J′onsson, and P. Bonnet, “uflip: Understanding flash io patterns,” CoRR, vol. abs/0909.1780, 2009.
[22] M.-Y. Yang, “SSD benchmark and performance analysis,” Master’s thesis, National Chiao Tung University.
[23] C. Park, W. Cheon, J. Kang, K. Roh, W. Cho, and J.-S. Kim, “A reconfigurable ftl (flash translation layer) architecture for nand flash-based applications,” ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst., vol. 7, August 2008.
[24] P. Technologie, “Paragon Aligment Tool,” http://www.paragonsoftware.
com/technologies/components/partition-alignment/.
[25] M. Russinovich, “Diskmon,” http://technet.microsoft.com/enus/
sysinternals/bb896646.aspx.
[26] J. Axboe, “blktrace,” http://linux.die.net/man/8/blktrace.
[27] William D. Norcott., “IOzone Filesystem Benchmark,” http://www.iozone.org/.
[28] J. Katcher, “Postmark: a new file system benchmark,” in USENIX Technical Conference,1997.
[29] hiyohiyo, “CrystalDiskMark,” http://crystalmark.info/software/CrystalDiskMark/index-e.html.