臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

蜂蜜的真假難辨，是最困擾消費者的問題。因此本研究目的主要以評鑑蜜、蜂農蜜、超級市場蜜及傳統市場蜜，共計54件樣品進行物化分析、電子鼻及電子舌感測分析，探討電子鼻與電子舌鑑別蜂蜜真假之可行性。物化分析包括水分、灰分、還原糖、顏色(Hunter L、a、b及Chroma)、HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural)、澱粉酉每活性、花粉粒、酸度及糖類(果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麥芽糖及果糖葡萄糖含量比值)測定等。
物化結果顯示評鑑蜜、蜂農蜜及泰國蜜為真蜜，取樣之低價傳統市場蜜為攙假蜜。將物化分析、電子鼻及電子舌感測分析結果之數據進行主成分分析與正典分析，結果顯示物化分析可以鑑別真蜜與攙假蜜；電子舌感測分析可以將蜂蜜樣品區分為四種不同來源。電子鼻感測分析結果較無法區分不同來源之蜂蜜樣品。
以21件真蜜包括10件評鑑蜜、7件蜂農蜜與4件泰國蜜及為攙假蜜的11件傳統市場蜜，建立物化分析及電子舌感測分析之模組。另將10件評鑑蜜、1件泰國蜜及11件超級市場蜜為未知樣品，以檢測模組鑑別之可行性。在物化之主成分分析模組方面，13件物化結果均達真蜜標準之樣品落於真蜜範圍；4件物化結果為攙假蜜及1件不及格蜜落於攙假蜜範圍；其餘4件樣品落於真蜜與攙假蜜之間。物化之正典分析模組中樣品的分布情形，10件評鑑蜜與評鑑蜜及蜂農蜜模組距離接近；1件泰國蜜與泰國蜜模組接近；
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11件來源未知的超市蜜中2件接近蜂農蜜，7件接近傳統市場蜜。
電子舌感測之主成分分析模組中，10件評鑑蜜樣品落於評鑑蜜範圍中；1件泰國蜜落點靠近蜂農蜜；11件超市蜜中4件樣品落於泰國蜜與蜂農蜜之間，3件落於評鑑蜜與傳統市場蜜之間；其餘4件落於傳統市場蜜範圍內。電子舌感測分析之正典分析模組中樣品的分布，10件評鑑蜜與評鑑蜜中心點最近；1件泰國蜜靠近蜂農蜜；11件超市蜜中5件較接近泰國蜜，另有6件靠近傳統市場蜜。
由物化分析、電子鼻及電子舌感測分析之結果可知，物化及電子舌感測分析可將未知樣品區分為真假蜜及不同來源之蜂蜜，而電子鼻感測分析則無法有效別蜂蜜樣品。

The adulteration of honey is often a big problem bothering consumers the most. The purpose of this study therefore is to investigate the feasibility of using electronic nose and electronic tongue to discriminate the honey adulteration. Collecting 54 Longan honey samples from assessment, beekeepers, Thailand-imported, supermarket and traditional markets was creed as experimental materials to conduct the analyses of electronic nose and electronic tongue, and physicochemical components including moisture, ash, reducing sugar, color (Hunter L, a and b and Chroma), HMF (hydroxymethylfurfual), diastase, pollens, acidity and sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and fructose/glucose).
The results of physicochemical analyses show that mostly the honey samples from assessment, beekeepers and Thailand-imported belong to pure honey while those from traditional markets were adulterated. The results of both principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discrimination analysis (CDA) using physicochemical, electronic nose, electronic tongue analysis data all show that the physicochemical data may distinguish the adulterated honey from the pure ones while the electronic tongue may distinguish the honey samples into the four different sources. However, the electronic nose could not well separate the honey samples with different sources.
Twenty one pure honey including 10 assessment honey, 7 beekeeper honey and 4 Thailand-imported honey with 11 adulterated honey from traditional markets were used to establish the physicochemical and electronic tongue models. Then using 10 assessment honey, 1 Thailand-imported honey and 11 supermarket honey as unknown samples to examine the feasibility of these models for discrimination was carried out. In physicochemical properties
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analysis model of principal component analysis, 13 samples belong to the pure honey were located in the pure honey category, 4 adulterated and 1 out-of-grade were located in the adulterated honey category and the rest 4 samples were located in between pure and adulterated honey categories. In physicochemical properties analysis model of canonical discrimination analysis, 10 assessment honey were closed to assessment and beekeeper honey categories; 1 Thailand-imported honey was closed to Thailand-imported honey category. Among 11 supermarket honey samples, 2 samples were closed to beekeeper category, and 7 samples were closed to traditional market category.
For electronic tongue model of principal component analysis, 10 assessment honey were located in the assessment honey category and 1 Thailand-imported honey was closely located to beekeeper honey category. Among 11 supermarket honey samples, 4 samples were located in between Thailand-imported honey and beekeeper honey categories, 3 samples were located in between assessment honey and traditional market honey categories, and the rest 4 samples were located in the adulterated honey category. For electronic model tongue of canonical discrimination analysis, 10 assessment honey were closed to assessment category, 1 Thailand-imported was closed to Thailand-imported category. Among 11 supermarket honey samples, 5 samples were closed to Thailand-imported category, and 6 samples were closed to traditional market category.
For the results of physicochemical and electronic tongue, the unknown samples could be distinguished into pure, adulterated honey and different sources.

緒論…………………………………………………………….1
一、前言………………………………………………………….1
二、文獻整理…………………………………………………….2
(一) 蜂蜜之簡介………………………………………….……2
1. 蜂蜜之生產流程……………………….…....…………..4
2. 蜂蜜之生化特性………………………………...………6
3. 蜂蜜之成分.………………………..….………….……..7
4. 蜂蜜攙假檢測方法之研究……………….…….....……11
(二) 電子鼻感測技術…………………...……………….…….20
(三) 電子舌感測技術………………………….………………23
三、研究目的……………………………………………….…...25
II. 試驗材料與方法..........................................................................26
一、試驗材料……………………………………………………..26
(一) 樣品-蜂蜜………...…………………………….….............26
(二) 試藥………………………………………….…………….29
(三) 儀器………………………………………….…….............30
二、試驗設計…………………………………………………..….31
三、試驗方法………………………………………………...……33
(一) 物化分析之測定方法……………………….……….……33
VI
1. 水分含量測定……………………………………………33
2. 灰分含量測定……………………………….…………...33
3. 還原糖測定………….…...................................................33
4. HMF(hydroxymethylfurfural)測定………………….........34
5. 顏色測定…………………………………………………35
6. 澱粉酉每活性值測定……………………………................35
7. 花粉數的計數……………………………………………36
8. 酸度測定…………………………………........................37
9. 糖類分析…………………………………………………37
(二) 電子鼻測定方法…………………………………..………38
(三) 電子舌測定方法…………………………………..………41
(四) 多變量統計分析…………………………………..……... 43
III. 結果與討論…………………………………………………….44
一、蜂蜜樣品之物化分析………………………………………...44
(一) 各類蜂蜜物化成分之比較………..………………………44
1. 水分含量…………………………………………………48
2. 灰分含量…………………………………………………48
3. 醣類………………………………………………………49
4. HMF含量…………………………………………………51
5. 顏色………………………………………………………52
6. 澱粉酉每……………………………………………………53
VII
7. 花粉粒……………………………………………………54
8. 酸度………………………………………………………55
(二) 蜂蜜樣品物化分析之主成分分析………………………..58
(三) 蜂蜜樣品物化分析之正典分析…………………………..58
二、蜂蜜樣品之電子鼻感測分析………………………..............60
(一) 蜂蜜樣品電子鼻感測分析條件測試…………………….60
(二) 電子鼻感測分析數據之主成分分析…………………….67
(三) 電子鼻感測分析數據之正典分析……………………….67
三、蜂蜜樣品之電子舌感測分析………………….………..…...70
(一) 蜂蜜樣品電子舌感測分析條件測試………………..…...70
(二) 電子舌感測分析數據之主成分分析………………….....73
(三) 電子舌感測分析數據之正典分析…………………….....76
四、蜂蜜樣品電子舌感測分析與物化分析之相關性探討……. 76
五、以未知樣品檢測模組鑑別可行性之探討…………………..79
(一) 22件未知蜂蜜樣品於物化之主成分分析模組中之分布.79
(二) 22件未知蜂蜜樣品於物化之正典分析模組中之分布….81
(三) 22件未知蜂蜜樣品於電子舌感測之主成分分析模組中
之分布……………………………………………………..83
(四) 22件未知蜂蜜樣品於電子舌感測之正典分析模組中之
分布………………………………………………………...86
IV. 結論…………………………………………………………….89
V. 參考文獻…………………………………………..…….………92

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