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研究生:朱瑋華
研究生(外文):Zhu, Wei-Hua
論文名稱:雲芝發酵高粱酒糟作為肉食性魚抗寒之機能性飼料-以海鱺為模式
論文名稱(外文):Effect of Sorghum Distillery Residue Fermented with Trametes versicolor on Anti-Cold Stress Ability of Cultured Carnivorous Fish-Using Cobia as a Model
指導教授:孫寶年孫寶年引用關係廖若川
指導教授(外文):Pan Sun, BonnieLiu, Yeuk-Chuen
口試委員:陳翠瑤駱錫能呂廷璋陳泰源
口試委員(外文):Chen, Tsui-YaoLou, Shyi-NengLu, Ting-JangChen, Tai-Yuan
口試日期:2018-07-04
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱:食品科學系
學門:農業科學學門
學類:食品科學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2018
畢業學年度:106
語文別:中文
論文頁數:115
中文關鍵詞:海鱺雲芝高粱酒糟抗低溫緊迫血漿總抗氧化力總類黃酮單寧三萜類化合物酚酸β-葡聚醣脂肪醇植物固醇奈米化物水質
外文關鍵詞:cobiaTrametes versicoloSorghum distillery residueanti-cold stressplasmatotal antioxidant statustotal flavonoidstanninstriterpenoidsphenolic acidsβ-glucanpolicosanolsphytosterolsnanowater quality
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高粱酒糟 (sorghum distillery residue, SDR) 之雲芝發酵物 (SDR fermented with Trametes versicolor, f-SDR) 含有多種機能性成分,可作為魚體抗低溫緊迫之機能性飼料。過去僅以培養皿培養約 30 g 之 f-SDR (f-SDR-30),若需供應較大量之機能飼料給予經濟價值高之肉食魚類如海鱺 (cobia),提升培養量之方法需進一步研究。已知 f-SDR 之最適培養 pH 為 6.5,但最適培養溫度未瞭解。 f-SDR 分別於 20℃、 25℃ 及 30℃ 培養下,在 25℃ 培養 7 天即能長滿一個培養皿,即為其最適培養溫度。使用小型及大型培養盤,可培養 500 g (f-SDR-500) 及 1000 g (f-SDR-1000) 之 f-SDR,並將 f-SDR 奈米化 (nano-f-SDR, n-f-SDR),比較各產物外觀、白度及成分之差異。外觀及白度方面, f-SDR-30、 f-SDR-500 及 f-SDR-1000 無差異, n-f-SDR 之白度則較低。機能性成分總多酚、總類黃酮、單寧、三萜類化合物、酚酸、 β-glucan、 多醣肽單醣組成、脂肪醇及植物固醇含量, f-SDR-30、 f-SDR-500 及 f-SDR-1000 皆無顯著 (p<0.05) 差異。 n-f-SDR 之三萜類化合物、 β-glucan、脂肪醇及植物固醇含量較三種 f-SDR 高,但酚酸含量較三種 f-SDR 低。另外,海鱺攝食添加 20% f-SDR 之飼料 28 天後,血漿總抗氧化力顯著高於攝食控制組飼料之魚隻,於 41 天,進行降溫試驗後,採血及採水樣。海鱺分別攝食兩種飼料,水溫為 16.5℃、 pH 7.77~7.85、鹽度約為 3.6%,兩組無顯著差異,但攝食控制組飼料之養殖水的氨濃度為 8.08 ppm,濁度為 4.00 mg/L TSS,皆顯著高於攝食 20% f-SDR 飼料,分別為 1.25 ppm; 2.00mg/L TSS。攝食 20% f-SDR 之海鱺,受低溫緊迫後之血漿抗氧化力、血糖濃度、溶菌酶活性皆顯著 (p<0.05) 高於控制組,血漿膽固醇濃度顯著(p<0.05) 低於控制組,海鱺幼魚亦有相同的趨勢,攝食 f-SDR有抗低溫緊迫之功效。
Sorghum distillery residue (SDR) fermented with Trametes versicolor (f-SDR) contains various functional compounds that can be used for anti-cold stress of fish. Previously f-SDR was fermented with 30 g SDR in petri dish (f-SDR-30). The optimal pH of f-SDR cultivation was found to be pH 6.5, while optimal temperature was not studied. In this study, Trametes versicolor LH1 was fermented in SDR at pH 6.5 and 20℃, 25℃, 30℃. Best growth of f-SDR in petri dish was at pH 6.5 and 25℃ for 7 days. The scale-up cultivation of f-SDR at optimal condition was tested in steel trays each of which contained 500 g (f-SDR-500) and 1000 g (f-SDR-1000). The appearance, whiteness, functional compounds of f-SDR-30, f-SDR-500, f-SDR-1000 and nano-f-SDR (n-f-SDR) showed no difference, but n-f-SDR showed less whiteness than f-SDR. The functional compounds, including total polyphenols, total flavonoids, tannins, total triterpenoids, phenolic acids, β-glucan, glycopeptide and monosaccharide compositions, phytosterols and policosanols contents of f-SDR-30, f-SDR-500 and f-SDR-1000 showed no significant (p>0.05) difference. All functional compound contents in n-f-SDR except phenolic acids were higher than SDR, f-SDR-30, f-SDR-500 and f-SDR-1000. Furthermore, in the plasma of cobia fed f-SDR showed higher total antioxidant status than those fed control diet for 28 days. The water quality measured after cobia fed control and f-SDR diet for 41 days followed by cold stress, water temperature (16.5℃), pH (7.77~7.85) and salinity (3.6%) showing no significant (p>0.05) difference, but total ammonium and suspended solids in water of cobia fed control diet were 8.08 ppm and 4.00 mg/L TSS respectively, being significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of cobia fed f-SDR diet (1.25 ppm; 2.00mg/L TSS). Moreover, in the plasma of cobia fed f-SDR diet showed higher total antioxidant status, lysozyme activity and glucose concentration but lower total cholesterol than those fed control diet followed by cold stress, the juvenile cobia has the same result.
目 錄
壹、前言1
貳、文獻回顧3
一、高粱酒糟3
1. 結構與一般成分3
2. 機能性成分及其生理活性4
二、雲芝菌 (Trametes versicolor)23
1. 一般成分、營養成分及鮮味物質24
2. 功效成分24
3. 雲芝菌分解纖維素之作用32
4. 雲芝菌分解木質素 (lignin) 之作用32
三、海鱺33
1. 海鱺分類、外觀與生態習性33
四、低溫緊迫對魚類生理影響35
1. 魚類緊迫反應之機制35
2. 魚類緊迫反應三階段35
3. 溫度變化對魚體緊迫之影響36
4. 魚體緊迫之指標36
5. 魚體受緊迫後之免疫指標37
参、實驗架構38
一、 高粱酒糟 (SDR)、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟 (f-SDR) 及其奈米化物 (n-f-SDR)成分之分析38
二、海鱺攝食 f-SDR 飼料之養殖及低溫緊迫試驗39
肆、材料與方法40
一、材料40
1. 高粱酒糟40
2. 雲芝菌 (Trametes versicolor LH1)40
3. 海鱺 (cobia, Rachycentron canadum)40
4. 魚粉料及魚油40
5. 飼料配製40
6. 實驗飼料的製備41
二、方法42
1. 雲芝菌培養42
2. 雲芝發酵高粱酒糟 (Trametes versicolor fermented-sorghum distillery residue, f-SDR) 之培養43
3. 菌絲體體積之測定43
4. 色澤44
5. 雲芝菌絲體含量測定44
6 高粱酒糟及雲芝發酵高粱酒糟一般成分分析45
7. 機能性成分之測定46
8. 海鱺養殖試驗52
9. 海鱺降溫試驗後之水質變化54
10. 海鱺降溫試驗前後之血漿生化指標54
11. 統計分析56
伍、結果與討論57
一、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟之培養57
1. 最適培養溫度57
2. 雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之色澤58
3. 雲芝發酵高粱酒糟之菌絲體生物量61
二、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及奈米化物成分之差異65
1. 一般成分65
2. 機能性成分66
3.海鱺養殖85
陸、結論96
柒、參考文獻98


表 目 錄
表一、高粱、高粱酒糟及玉米之一般成分。3
表二、黑高粱品種及混種黑高粱之酚類化合物含量及抗氧化力。5
表三、各蕈類 glucan、α-glucan 及 β-glucan 含量之比較。27
表四、海鱺飼料魚粉及雲芝發酵高粱酒糟之一般成分。41
表五、海鱺飼料及雲芝發酵高粱酒糟機能飼料等蛋白、等熱量後之配方及成分42
表六、高粱酒糟、三種培養方式雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之白度、亮度及顏色變化。60
表七、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟培養於 pH 6.5、 25℃ 培養 7 日雲芝菌絲體生物量與 ergosterol 含量之變化63
表八、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟以培養皿及培養盤培養雲芝菌絲體之生物量及 ergosterol 含量。64
表九、高粱酒糟及雲芝發酵高粱酒糟之一般成分。65
表十、高粱酒糟滅菌前後、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物總類黃酮含量之差異。66
表十一、高粱酒糟滅菌前後、三種培養方式雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之總多酚含量。67
表十二、高粱酒糟滅菌前後、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之酚酸含量。71
表十三、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之三萜類化合物含量。72
表十四、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之單寧含量。73
表十五、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化物之植物固醇含量。75
表十六、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化物之脂肪醇含量。77
表十七、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之 β-glucan 含量。78
表十八、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟產物及其奈米化物之總多醣含量。79
表十九、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物熱水翠物之總蛋白質含量。79
表二十、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化物熱水萃單醣之組成。83
表二十一、海鱺幼魚攝食控制組與 f-SDR 飼料 28 天後體重、體長、肥滿度及比成長率之差異。86
表二十二、海鱺受低溫緊迫後水質參數之差異。88
表二十三、海鱺攝食控制組或 f-SDR 飼料,受低溫緊迫後血漿生化指標之差異。90
表二十四、海鱺幼魚受低溫緊迫後水質參數之差異。93
表二十五、海鱺幼魚攝食控制組或 f-SDR 飼料,受低溫緊迫後血漿生化指標之差異。94

圖 目 錄
圖一、植物中酚酸之生合成途徑。7
圖二、高梁中酚酸結構。7
圖三、發炎反應誘導慢性疾病之途徑。9
圖四、癌細胞遠端轉移之過程。9
圖五、上皮-間質細胞轉型作用之機轉。12
圖六、高梁中之 3-deoxyanthocyanidins 之結構。15
圖七、高粱中縮合單寧 polyflavan-3-ols 之結構。16
圖八、類黃酮衍生物之結構。17
圖九、類黃酮化合物之生合成途徑。18
圖十、常見不飽和植物固醇與飽和植物固醇之結構。20
圖十一、植物固醇之生合成途徑。21
圖十二、真菌與植物之植物固醇生合成途徑。22
圖十三、 hexacosanol、octacosanol、triacontanol 與 dotriacontanol 之化學結構。23
圖十四、真菌 β-葡聚醣結構。25
圖十五、雲芝 β-glucan 活化巨噬細胞之途徑。26
圖十六、類鐸受體 4 (toll-like receptors 4, TLR-4) 信號途徑。29
圖十七、三萜類之生合成途徑。30
圖十八、三萜類化合物抗發炎及保護細胞之機制。31
圖十九、三萜皂苷配糖體的三種主要構型。32
圖二十、台灣海鱺養殖之流程圖。33
圖二十一、海鱺發生急性緊迫後, 24 小時內血漿之皮質醇濃度、血糖濃度、溶菌酶活性及銅藍蛋白濃度。34
圖二十二、澎湖天和海鱺養殖池。52
圖二十三、實驗室海鱺幼魚養殖循環水缸。53
圖二十四、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟於 pH 6.5,分別於 20℃、 25℃ 及 30℃ 下培養 7 天之菌絲體生長情形。57
圖二十五、雲芝與高粱酒糟培養於 pH 6.5,在 20℃、 25℃ 及 30℃ 培養 7 天之菌絲體積。58
圖二十六、以高粱酒糟培養雲芝菌於培養盤內 7 天外觀與內部菌絲之生長情形。59
圖二十七、雲芝菌再發酵物不同培養量及其奈米化產物外觀之差異。59
圖二十八、雲芝菌絲體 ergosterol 之 GC 圖譜。61
圖二十九、雲芝菌絲體與 ergosterol 含量關係圖。62
圖三十、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟於 pH 6.5、 25℃ 培養 7 日之雲芝菌絲體生物量。63
圖三十一、酚酸標準品 HPLC 之圖譜。68
圖三十二、高粱酒糟滅菌前後酚酸 HPLC 圖譜。69
圖三十三、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟產物及其奈米化產物之 HPLC 圖譜。70
圖三十四、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化物與植物固醇之 GC 圖譜。74
圖三十五、脂肪醇標準品、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之 GC 圖譜。76
圖三十六、單醣標準品 HPLC 之圖譜。81
圖三十七、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化物之 HPLC 圖譜。82
圖三十八、高粱酒糟、雲芝發酵高粱酒糟及其奈米化產物之 FTIR 圖譜。84
圖三十九、養殖海鱺每日之攝食量。85
圖四十、海鱺攝食 f-SDR 與控制組飼料於降溫時異常行為之差異。87
圖四十、海鱺幼魚攝食 f-SDR 與控制組飼料於降溫時異常行為之差異。91
圖四十二、海鱺降溫試驗時之行為表現 (A) 沉底, (B) 浮頭, (C) 瀕死。92
圖四十三、海鱺幼魚受低溫緊迫後血漿銅藍蛋白濃度。95
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