臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目的：本研究旨在透過四週增強式訓練的介入，探討11歲男童下肢爆發力、停止訓練與訓練負荷各項參數之變異。方法：以平均年齡11.1±0.31歲之男童29名為研究對象，依不同訓練背景以立意取樣分成二組（實驗組PTG15名、對照組CG14名）。PTG為一般學生，除學校體育課程外，另實施每週三次，共四週的增強式訓練；CG維持學校體育課程正常實施。兩組分別進行二類測驗(T1)：（1）垂直跳（2）短距衝刺跑。PT組增強式訓練結束後，依不同之訓練情境：訓練4週之後測 (T2)、停訓2週 (T3) 、停訓4週 (T4)，收集垂直跳、短距衝刺表現及Session-RPE (S-RPE)內在訓練負荷相關數值。進行混合設計二因子 (組別×時間) 變異數分析，統計顯著水準定為α = .05。結果：(1)PTG在10M、10-20M、20M衝刺跑等前後測成績Δ(T1- T2)之平均差值分別為0.04±0.02秒、0.06±0.09秒、0.14±0.11秒，20公分深跳：Δ(T1- T3) 之平均值差值為-1.72±0.41公分，皆達統計上之顯著水準(P<0.05)。(2) 20公分深跳：Δ(T2- T4)，10公尺衝刺：Δ(T2- T4)，10-20公尺間衝刺：Δ(T2- T3)，平均差值為 -0.58±0.4公分、0.01±0.02秒、-0.05±0.04秒，均未達統計上之顯著差異(P>0.05)。(3)體育課程S-RPEΔ(T2- T4)：PTG與CG的平均差值為268±96.7，達統計上之顯著水準(P<0.05)。結論：四週增強式訓練介入下，可提升11歲國小男童垂直跳、20M衝刺表現；二週與四週之停止訓練均具有保留效果存在；四週停止訓練期間，PTG體育課程之S-RPE顯著大於CG，顯示PTG未察覺的疲勞確實存在。

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the conse-cutive four weeks plyometric training, and were to aim to monitor plyometric training load and explore the effects of plyometric training onthe lower-limb explosive strength of 11-year-old boys. Methods: Our main research subjects were 29 boys whose average age were eleven years old. The subjects were divided into two groups which were plyometric training group (PTG) and control group (CG). PTG were trained three days per week during four weeks section, and performed various plyometric exercises intensities with S-RPE monitoring. The subsequent detraining period were lasting 2 weeks (T3) and 4 weeks(T4). However, all subjects had been conti-nuing their formal physical education program. Vertical jumping height, sprint running time and S-RPE data improving were calculated: T1-T2 (Pre-test-Posttest), T2-T3 (Detraining 0-2 weeks) , T3-T4 (Detraining 3-4 weeks).The mix design two way ANOVA (group×time) were applying for data analysis and the significant level α were set at .05. Results:(1) The ave-rage difference of the PTG on the10M, 10-20M,20M sprint, 20 CM drop jump the four test scores were 0.04±0.02s,0.06±0.09s,0.14±0.11s, -1.72±0.41cm, which had statistical significant difference(p<0.05). (2) Both two-
week and four-week training suspension in the 20CM drop jump, 10M, 10-20M sprint test scores showed on average as -0.58±0.4cm, 0.01±0.02s,0.05±0.04s, respectively, which had no significant difference (p> 0.05). (3)S-RPE scores with physical education program during Detraining period (T2-T4) showed an average difference between PTG and CG as 268±96.7,
which did reach statistical significant difference (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Under the practice of the four weeks plyometric training, the elementary school boys showed enhancements on the vertica jump, 20M sprinting performance, while the two-week and four-week training suspension showed retention effects.During detraining period, PTG’s larger S-RPE scores which were compared with CG did tell stories.

目次
第壹章 緒論 ………………………………………………………...1
第一節 前 言 .............................................................................1
第二節 研究背景 .............................................................................2
第三節 研究之重要性 .....................................................................4
第四節 研究目的 .............................................................................4
第五節 研究假設 …….....................................................................4
第六節 研究範圍與限制.................................................................. 5
第七節 名詞操作性定義...................................................................6

第貳章 文獻探討 ……………………………………………...……8
第一節 增強式訓練增進兒童下肢爆發力相關文獻 ……..……….9
第二節 增強式訓練後短期停止訓練的效應相關文獻 ………….13
第三節 訓練負荷監控之效益 ………………………………….…17
第四節 文獻總結 …....………………………………….…………21
第參章 研究方法與步驟 …...………………….………………...22
第一節 研究對象 …………………………………………..…..…22
第二節 研究方法 .…...……………………………………..…..…23
第三節 實施時間與地點 …………………………………………23
第四節 研究設計 ………………………………………..………..24
第五節 增強式訓練處方 …………………………………..…..…25
第六節 增強式訓練動作圖解 ……………………………………26
第七節 實驗流程及步驟 …………………….…..……………….27
第八節 檢測項目說明與研究工具 ……… …………..……….…28
第九節 資料處理與統計分析 …… ………………………..….…32
第肆章 結果………………………………………………………...33
第一節 PTG 與 CG 前測成績均質性之考驗 ………..… 33
第二節 受試者運動測驗成績摘要 ……..……..…34
第三節 以二因子混合設計之考驗結果 …………....…35
第四節 增強式訓練組停止訓練之保留效果 ……..……..40
第五節 訓練衝量效果 ……..……..41
第伍章 討論…………………………………………………….…..45
第一節 垂直跳 PT 前後測驗結果之討論 ………....… 45
第二節 短距衝刺 PT 前後測驗結果之討論 ………… 47
第三節 不同運動測驗受訓練情境變異之討論 ……..……48
第四節 增強式訓練組停止訓練後保留效果之討論 ……... 51
第五節 訓練衝量效果相關討論 ……………………………... 53
第陸章 結論與建議………………………………………………...55
第一節 結論 …………………………………..……………..… 55
第二節 建議 ………………………………………..…………..….55
引用文獻..……………………………………………………..…….56
附錄..…………………………………………………………..…….65
附錄一 家長同意書與受試者須知 …………………………………..…65
附錄二 受試者健康狀況調查表 ………………………….………….…66
附錄三 兒童運動負荷評估表CERT ……………………………..……67
附錄四 兒童運動負荷評估表CERT中文版作者同意書 ..………..……68
附錄五 受試者之基本資料 ………………………………………..……69
附錄六 實驗組、控制組CMJ前、後測成績原始資料 ….....………...70
附錄七 實驗組、控制組20公分深跳前、後測成績原始資料.………...71
附錄八 實驗組、控制組10公尺衝刺前、後測成績原始資料 ..…..... 72
附錄九 實驗組、控制組20公尺衝刺前、後測成績原始資料 ..……. 72
附錄十 實驗組垂直跳、短距衝刺2週停止訓練成績原始資料 .…….73
附錄十一 控制組垂直跳、短距衝刺2週停止訓練成績原始資料 ...… 74
附錄十二 實驗組垂直跳、短距衝刺4週停止訓練成績原始資料 ...… 75
附錄十三 控制組垂直跳、短距衝刺4週停止訓練成績原始資料 ...… 76
附錄十四 實驗組不同訓練階段Session-RPE數值原始資料 ……..… 77
附錄十五 控制組不同訓練階段Session-RPE數值原始資料 ……..… 78

引用文獻
李成碩、黎俊彥 (2010)。低強度增強式訓練對預防下肢運動傷害的效益。中華體育季刊，24(4)，51-59。
李孟齊 (2010)。增強式訓練法對國小學童下肢爆發力的研究。2010年第三屆運
動科學暨休閒遊憩管理學術研討會論文集，國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
周志榮 (2007)。增強式訓練對不同身體組成國小男童下肢瞬發力之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
許衛銘、顏克典 (2011)。停止運動訓練對選手的影響。屏東教大體育，14，49-54。
洪孟嘉（2005）。衝擊式訓練對國小男運動員爆發力的影響 (未出版碩士論文
)。國立臺南大學，臺南市。
馬一鳴 (2011) 。不同場地增強式訓練對國小籃球選手下肢無氧運動能力及肌肉疼痛之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
黃至論 (2009)。增強式訓練對大專乙組棒球選手速度及爆發力之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。私立聖約翰科技大學，臺北縣。
黃俊宗 (2013)。增強式訓練在不同學齡訓練效果之探討。臺南大學體育學報，8，1-10。
楊明達、詹貴惠 (2005)。增強式訓練的效果與應用。大專體育，81，37-44。
鄭景峰 (2002)。增強式訓練的理論與應用。中華體育季刊，16(1)，36-45。
賴韋玲 (2008)。增強式訓練對學童無氧運動能力之相關探討 (未出版碩士論文)。 國立臺南大學，臺南市。
American College of Sports Medicine. (2006). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Andrejić, O. (2012). An investigation into the effects of different warm-up protocols on flexibility and jumping performance in youth. Physical Education and Sport, 10(2), 107-114.
Asadi, A. (2014). Monitoring plyometric exercise intensity using rating of perceived exertion scale. Physical Activity Review, 2, 10-15.
Bara Filho, M., Andrade, F., Nogueira, R., & Nakamura, F. (2013). Comparisson of different methods of internal load control in volleyball players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 19(2), 143-146.
Bloomfield, S. A., Little, K. D., Nelson, M. E., & Yingling, V. R. (2004). American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 1985-1996.
Borresen, J., & Lambert, M. (2009). The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sports Medicine, 39(9), 779–795.
Bosquet, L., Berryman, N., Dupuy, O., Mekary, S., Arvisais, D., Bherer, L., & Mujika, I. (2013). Effect of training cessation on muscular performance: A meta‐analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(3), 140-149.
Bosquet, L., Montpetit, J., Arvisais, D., & Mujika, I. (2007). Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1358-1365.
Brännström, A., Rova, A., & Yu, J. G. (2013). Effects and mechanisms of tapering in maximizing muscular power. Sport and Art, 1(1), 18-23.
Buranarugsa, R., Oliveira, J., & Maia, J. (2012). Strength training in youth (resistance, plyometrics, complex training). An evidence-based review. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto, 12(1), 87-115.
Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., Faught, B. E., Wade, T. J., Corna, L., & Flouris, A. (2005). Developmental coordination disorder, generalized self-efficacy toward physical activity, and participation in organized and free play activities. The Journal of Pediatrics, 147(4), 515-520.
Chen, M. J., Fan, X., & Moe, S. T. (2002). Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: a meta- analysis. Journal of Sports Science, 20(11), 873–99.
Chtourou, H., Chaouachi, A., Driss, T., Dogui, M., Behm, D. G., Chamari, K., & Souissi, N. (2012). The effect of training at the same time of day and tapering period on the diurnal variation of short exercise performances. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(3), 697-708.
Chu, D. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., & Falkel, J. E. (2006). Progressive plyometrics for kids. Monterey, CA: Healthy Learning.
Cormie, P., McGuigan, M., & Newton, R. (2011). Developing maximal neuromuscular power. Sports Medicine, 41(1), 17-38.
Coutts, A. J., & Reaburn, P. (2008). Monitoring changes in rugby league player's perceived stress and recovery during intensified training. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106(3), 904-916.
Day, M., McGuigan, M., Brice, G., & Foster, C. (2004). Monitoring exercise intensity during resistance training using the session RPE scale. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 353-358.
De Villarreal, E., Gonza´lez-Badillo, J., & Izquierdo, M. (2008). Low and moderate plyometric training frequency produces greater jumping and sprinting gains compared with high frequency. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 715–725.
De Villarreal, E., Kellis, E., Kraemer, W., & Izquierdo, M. (2009). Determining vari-
ables of plyometric training for improving vertical jump height performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(2), 495-506.
Diallo, O., Dore, E., Duche, P., & Van Praagh, E. (2001). Effects of plyometric training followed by a reduced training programme on physical performance in prepubescent soccer players. Jounrnal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(3), 342-348.
DiStefano, L. J., Padua, D. A., Blackburn, J. T., Garrett, W. E., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Marshall , S. W. (2010). Integrated injury prevention program improves balance and vertical jump height in children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(2), 332-342.
Duthie, G., Pyne, D., & Hooper, S. (2003). Applied physiology and game analysis of rugby union. Sports Medicine, 33(13), 973-991.
Eston, R., Faulkner, J., Parfitt, C., & Mason, E. (2006). The validity of predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a perceptually regulated graded exercise tests of different durations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(5), 535-541.
Eston, R., Lamb, K., Parfitt, C., & King, N. (2005). The validity of predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a perceptually regulated graded exercise test. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 221-227.
Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Blimkie, C. J., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L. J., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. W. (2009). Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), S60-S79.
Faigenbaum, A. D., McFarland, J. E., Keiper, F. B., Tevlin, W., Ratamess, N. A., & Kang, J. (2007). Effects of a short-term plyometric and resistance training program on fitness performance in boys age 12 to 15 years. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 6(4), 519-525.
Faigenbaum, A., Farrell, A. C., Radler, T., Zbojovsky , D., Chu, D. A., Ratamess, N. A., . . . Hoffman, J. (2009). "Plyo-Play" A novel program of short bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise improves physical fitness in elementary school children. Physical Educator, 66(1), 37-44.
Faigenbaum, A., Farrell, A., Fabiano, M., Radler, T., Naclerio, F., Ratmess, N., . . . Myer, G. (2013). Effects of detraining on fitness performance in 7-year-old children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(2), 323-330.
Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (1997). Designing resistance training programs (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
Folland, J. P., & Williams, A. G. (2007). Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Medicine, 37(2), 145-168.
Foster, C. (1998). Monitoring training in athletes with reference to over- training syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(7), 1164–1168.
Foster, C., Florhaug, J., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L., Parker, S., & Dodge, C. (2001). A new approach to monitoring exercise training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109-115.
Foster, C., Hector, L. L., Welsh, R., & Schrager, M. (1995). Effects of specific versus cross-training on running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 70(4), 367–372.
Freitas, V. H., Nakamura, F. Y., Miloski, B., Samulski, D., & Bara-Filho, M. G. (2014). Sensitivity of physiological and psychological markers to training load intensification in volleyball players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(3), 571-576.
Haga, M. (2009). Physical fitness in children with high motor competence is different from that in children with low motor competence. Physical Therapy, 89(10), 1089-1097.
Halson, S. L. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(2), 139-147.
Hoffman, J. (2002). Physiological aspects of sport training and performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Ingle, L., Sleap, M., & Tolfrey, K. (2006). The effect of a complex training and detraining programme on selected strength and power variables in early pubertal boys. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 987-997.
Impellizzeri, F., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Martino, F., Fiorini, S., & Wisloff, U. (2008). Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jumping and sprinting ability in soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medi-
cine, 42(1), 42-46.
Johnson, Salzberg, & Stevenson. (2011). A systematic review: plyometric training programs for young children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 25(9), 2623-2633.
Kotzamanidis, C. (2006). Effect of plyometric training on running performance and vertical jumping in prepubertal boys. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 441–445.
Kraemer, W. J., Adams, K., Cafarelli, E., Dudley, G. A., Dooly, C., & Feigenbaum, M. S. (2002). American College of Sports Medicine: ACSM position stand on progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(1), 364–380.
Le Meur, Y., Hausswirth, C., & Mujika, I. (2012). Tapering for competition: A review. Science and Sports, 27(2), 77-87.
Lin, J.D., Liu, Y., Lin, J.C., Tsai, F.J., & Chao, C.Y. (2008). The effects of different stretch amplitudes on electromyographic activity during drop jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 32-39.
Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G., & Williams, C. A. (2012). The effects of 4-weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male youths. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2812-2819.
Lyttle, A, Wilson, G, & Ostrowski, K. (1996). Enhancing performance: Maximal power versus combined weights and plyometrics training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 10(3), 173–179.
Markovic, G. (2007). Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height? A meta-analytical review. British Journal of Sport and Medicine, 41(6), 349-355.
Markovic, G., & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuromusculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Medicine, 40(10), 859-895.
Marques, M., Zajac, A., Pereira, A., & Costa, A. (2011). Strength training and detraining in different population: case studies. Journal of Human Kinetics, 29A(Special Issue), 7-14. doi:10.2478/v10078-011-0052-7
Martin, D. T., & Pyne , D. B. (2011). Fatigue-Insights from individual and team sports. (F. E. Marino , Ed.) New York: Nova Science.
Matti, T. (2004). Testing athletic performance in team and power sports. Finnish: Newtest Oy.
McCambridge, M. T., & Stricker, R. P. (2008). Strength training by children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 121(4), 835-840.
McGuigan , M. R., Al Dayel , A., Tod, D., Foster, C., Newton, R. U., & Pettigrew, S. (2008). Use of session rating of perceived exertion for monitoring resistance exercise in children who are overweight or obese. Pediatrics Exercise Sciences, 20(3), 333-341.
McGuigan, M., Egan, A., & Foster, C. (2004). Salivary cortisol responses and perceived exertion during high intensity and low intensity bouts of resistance exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(1), 8–15.
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., & Foster, C. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(1), 186–205.
Meylan, C., & Malatesta, D. (2009). Effects of in-season plyometric training within soccer practice on explosive actions of young players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2605-2613.
Milanez, V. F., Pedro, R. E., Moreira, A., Boullosa, D. A., Salle-Neto, F., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2011). The role of aerobic fitness on session rating of perceived exertion in futsal players. International Journal of Sports Physiological Performance, 6(3), 358-366.
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2001). Cardiorespiratory and metabolic characteristics of detrainning in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 3(3), 413-
421.
Newton, R. U., & Kraemer, W. J. (1994). Developing explosive muscular power: Implications for a mixed methods training strategy. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 16(5), 20-31.
Rearick, M., Creasy, J., & Buriak, J. (2011). Avoid overtrraining in young athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 82(5), 25-27.
Rimmer, E., & Sleivert, G. (2000). Effects of plyometric intervention program on sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(3), 295–301.
Robertson, R. J., Goss, F. L., & Andreacci, J. L. (2005). Validation of the children’s OMNI- resistance exercise scale of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), 819–826.
Robertson, R., & Noble, B. (1997). 15 Perception of physical exertion: methods, mediators, and applications. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 25(1), 407-
452.
Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal, E, Gonzalez-Badillo, J, & Izquierdo, M. (2008). Low and moderate plyometric training frequency produce greater jumping and sprinting gains compared with high frequency. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,22(3), 715–725.
Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal, E., Kellis, E., Kramer, J. W., & Izquierdo, M. (2009). Determining variables of plyometric training for improving vertical jump height performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(2), 495-506.
Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal, E., Requena, B., & Cronin, J. (2012). The effects of plyometric training on sprint performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(2), 575-584.
Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal, E., Requena, B., & Newton, R. U. (2010). Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(5), 513-522.
Santos, E. M., Marinho, D. A., Costa, A. M., Izquierdo, M., & Marques, M. C. (2012). The effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training follow a detraining period in elementary school students. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(6), 1708–1716.
Santos, E., & Janeira, M. (2011). The effects of plyometric training followed by detraining and reduced training periods on explosive strength in adolescent male basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 441–
452.
Simjanovic, M., Hooper, S., Leveritt, M., Kellmann, M., & Rynne, S. (2009). The use and perceived effectiveness of recovery modalities and monitoring techniques in elite sport [Supplemental material]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12S, S22. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.056
Singh, F., Foster, C., Tod, D., & McGuigan, M. (2007). Monitoring different types of resistance training using session rating of perceived exertion. International Journal of Sport Physiology and Performance, 2(1), 34–45.
Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C., & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of soccer. Sports Medicine, 35(6), 501-536.
Sweet, T. W., Foster, C., McGuigan, M. R., & Brice, G. (2004). Quantitation of resistance training using the session rating of perceived exertion method. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 796-802.
Taylor, K., Chapman, D., & Cronin, J. (2012). Fatigue monitoring in high performance sport: a survey of current trends. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 20(1), 12–23.
Terzis, G., Stratakos, G., Manta, P., & Georgiadis, G. (2008). Throwing performance after resistance training and detraining. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1198–1204.
Tsolakis, C. K., Vagenas, G. K., & Dessypris, A. (2004). Strength adaptations and hormonal responses to resistance training and detraining in preadolescent males. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(3), 625-650.
Twist, C., & Highton, J. (2013). Monitoring fatigue and recovery in rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Physiology Performance, 8, 467–74.
Verhoshanski, Y. (1968). Perspectives in the improvement of speed-strength of jumpers. Yessis Review of Soviet Physical Education and Sports, 3, 28-34.
William, J. S., & Kendall, L. (2007). Perceptions of elite coachs and sports scientists of the research needs for elite coaching practice. Journal of Sports Science, 25(14), 1577-1586.
Williams, J. G., Stretch, C., & Eston, R. G. (1991). Use of the rating of perceived exertion to control exercise intensity in children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 3(1), 21-27.
Wislψff, U., Castagna, C., Helgerud, R., Jones, R., & Hoff, J. (2004). Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(3), 285-288.
Wrotniak, B. H., Epstein, L. H., Dorn, J. M., Jones, K. E., & Kondilis, V. A. (2007). The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children. Pediatrics, 118(6), 1758–1765. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0742