臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

因科技進步以及生活品質的提升，飲用水中新興污染物的定量及監測成為受關注的議題；由於氣候變遷與全球暖化，在世界各地水庫常見藍綠菌藻華事件的發生，藍綠菌產生之有害代謝物也成為飲用水水質的隱憂。藍綠菌藻華之有害二次代謝物包含影響飲用水安全的藍綠菌毒素(Cyanotoxins)以及影響氣味與口感的物質(Taste-and-odor compounds, T＆O compounds)，台灣水庫中監測到的藍綠菌毒素有微囊藻(Microcystins)與柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsins)，T＆O物質則包含霉味物質2-Mithylosoborneol(2-MIB)、土味物質Geosmin以及木頭味物質-cyclocitral等臭味物質等，國際間已有許多研究探討環境因子與藍綠菌有害二次代謝物的關係，然而當考量的環境變數，環境變數間之交互作用複雜，越不易探討其相關性。
本研究以主成分分析，分析民國102年至107年間於全台水庫採集之藻類及藻類代謝物之數據、與環保署及氣象站提供之環境數據，探討環境變數與藍綠菌毒素及臭味物質間之相關性，並提供建議之風險評估指標。結果顯示藍綠菌之生長與代謝物濃度不受氮、風速與降雨情況之影響，磷為影響藍綠菌生長的限制因子，而藻毒濃度增加的主要原因為藍綠菌之生長，而非藍綠菌產毒能力之改變。藍綠菌產毒基因與毒素有高度相關性，而葉綠素-a與總藻數間有高度相關、與藍綠菌基因及藍綠菌毒素間的相關性較低，在風險評估時若以葉綠素-a評估藻毒之風險，恐失去其代表性；相對地，由分子生物技術測量水體中藍綠菌產毒基因為一項快速且具參考性之指標。總量與細胞外的T＆O物質相關性高，相互取代進行主成分分析之結果差異小，推斷目前台灣水庫之環境對藍綠菌細胞釋出代謝物質沒有顯著差異，2-MIB濃度與產2-MIB基因高度相關，可以基因作為其風險評估之指標；而Geosmin之生成與氮、磷及濁度無相關性；β-cyclocitral之來源部分為微囊藻，受水體中磷含量影響大，非微囊藻之來源則受濁度影響。以相關係數矩陣進行水質及溫度變數之時間序列分析，結果顯示氣象、及水溫與藍綠菌及其代謝物之相關性受時間效應之影響。

As cyanobacteria blooms often occur in many drinking water reservoirs globally, their harmful secondary metabolites has been received more concern. The concerned cyanobacterial metabolites include cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor (T＆O) compounds, since they may pose health risk or influence human perception of consumers. The most concerned cyanotoxins include microcystins and cylindrospermopsins, and the T＆O compounds include the earthy odorant compound, geosmin, the musty odorant compound, 2-methylisoborneol(2-MIB), and tobacco-like odorant compound, -cyclocitral, which were found in many reservoirs in Taiwan. To understand more about the link between the growth of cyanobacteria and the presence of the above mentioned harmful secondary metabolites, and water quality and environmental conditions, this study is aimed to analyze their relationships through statistical analysis. The data of cyanobacterial and metabolites were collected from the sampling activities for Taiwan’s reservoirs conducted in 2012 to 018, and the environmental data were obtained from the Environmental Protection on Administration and Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan. Then, the data were analyzed using principal components analysis, sensitivity analysis, and time-series correlation matrix. The results show that the main reason to increase the concentration of microcystins and cylindrospermopsins were the abundance of the main producers, Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis, respectively, with phosphorus being the limited nutrient for Microcystis growth and microcystins, and -cyclocitral production. For other producers, they were affected by turbidity. Functional genes responsible for the production of the metabolites were highly correlated with the corresponding metabolites, which may be as indexes for risk assessment. Light intensity, pH value, and conductivity did not show good correlations with the studied metabolites, but they had impact on the final results of PCA. The results of the time-series analysis with correlation matrix showed that the relationships within cyanobacterial variables and meteorological variables were impacted by time series. Hence, to analyze the relationships within the metabolites and light intensity, temperature, rainfall, or wind speed should take the average value of the data from former time period.

摘要 I
致謝 VIII
圖目錄 XI
表目錄 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 藍綠菌代謝物質 3
2-1-1藍綠菌毒素 3
2-1-2藍綠菌臭味物質 7
2-2 環境因子對藍綠菌及其代謝物之影響 12
2-2-1 氣象因子: 溫度、光照、降雨及風速 12
2-2-2 水質因子: 酸鹼值、鹽度與營養源 15
2-3多變數分析 18
2-3-1數據轉換與數據標準化 18
2-3-2多變數分析之種類與選用 19
2-4 應用多變數分析探討環境變數與水質之關係 21
第三章 資料蒐集與研究方法 23
3-1 研究架構 23
3-2 資料收集與研究區域 24
3-3 資料分析 26
3-3-1探索性資料分析與驗證性資料分析 26
3-3-2主成分分析 29
3-3-3敏感度分析 32
第四章 結果與討論 33
4-1 數據型態與數據轉換 33
4-1-1藍綠菌數量、藍綠菌代謝物質及水質分析項目 33
4-1-2 環境數據 37
4-2 相關係數分析 39
4-2-1 藍綠菌與其代謝物質之相關係數 39
4-2-2 藍綠菌與其代謝物質與環境變數之相關係數 42
4-3 主成分分析 46
4-3-1 主成分分析與主成分選用 46
4-3-2 主成分之解釋與相關係數圓圖 51
4-4 敏感度分析 57
4-4-1 敏感度分析—特徵值 58
4-4-2 敏感度分析—主成分負荷量 61
4-5 時間序列分析 66
第五章 結論與建議 68
參考文獻 70
附錄 82
附件一 藍綠菌及其代謝物與一個月前水質數據之相關係數矩陣圖 82
附錄二 藍綠菌及其代謝物相關與兩個月前水值數據之相關係數矩陣圖 83
附錄三 藍綠菌及其代謝物與三個月前水值數據之相關係數矩陣圖 84

Abdi, H. and L. J. Williams (2010). Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 2(4): 433-459.
Alain F. Zuur, E. N. I., Graham M. Smith (2007). Analysing Ecological Data, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.
Amé, M. V. and D. A. Wunderlin (2005). Effects of Iron, Ammonium and Temperature on Microcystin Content by a Natural Concentrated Microcystis Aeruginosa Population. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 168(1-4): 235-248.
Anneville, O., I. Domaizon, O. Kerimoglu, F. Rimet and S. Jacquet (2015). Blue-Green Algae in a Greenhouse Century? New Insights from Field Data on Climate Change Impacts on Cyanobacteria Abundance. Ecosystems 18(3): 441-458.
Badger, M. R. and G. D. Price (2003). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution. J Exp Bot 54(383): 609-622.
Badger, M. R., G. D. Price, B. M. Long and F. J. Woodger (2006). The environmental plasticity and ecological genomics of the cyanobacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism. J Exp Bot 57(2): 249-265.
Beaver, J. R., D. A. Casamatta, T. L. East, K. E. Havens, A. J. Rodusky, R. T. James, C. E. Tausz and K. M. Buccier (2013). Extreme weather events influence the phytoplankton community structure in a large lowland subtropical lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). Hydrobiologia 709(1): 213-226.
Bittencourt-Oliveira Mdo, C., V. Piccin-Santos, A. N. Moura, N. K. Aragao-Tavares and M. K. Cordeiro-Araujo (2014). Cyanobacteria, microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in public drinking supply reservoirs of Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 86(1): 297-310.
Burgos, L., M. Lehmann, D. Simon, H. H. R. de Andrade, B. R. R. de Abreu, D. D. Nabinger, I. Grivicich, V. B. Juliano and R. R. Dihl (2014). Agents of earthy-musty taste and odor in water: Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and toxicogenomics. Science of The Total Environment 490: 679-685.
Cai, F., G. Yu, K. Zhang, Y. Chen, Q. Li, Y. Yang, J. Xie, Y. Wang and R. Li (2017). Geosmin production and polyphasic characterization of Oscillatoria limosa Agardh ex Gomont isolated from the open canal of a large drinking water system in Tianjin City, China. Harmful Algae 69: 28-37.
Caldeira, K. and M. E. Wickett (2003). Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425: 365.
Carmichael, W. W. (2001). Health Effects of Toxin-Producing Cyanobacteria: “The CyanoHABs. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 7(5): 1393-1407.
Carreto, J. I. and M. O. Carignan (2011). Mycosporine-like amino acids: relevant secondary metabolites. Chemical and ecological aspects. Mar Drugs 9(3): 387-446.
Castellani, C. (2010). Plankton: A Guide to their Ecology and Monitoring for Water Quality. Journal of Plankton Research 32(2): 261-262.
Castenholz, R. W. and F. Garcia-Pichel (2012). Cyanobacterial Responses to UV Radiation. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time. B. A. Whitton. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 481-499.
Coles, J. F. and R. C. Jones (2000). Effect of temperature on photosynthesis-light response and growth of four phytoplankton species isolated from a tidal freshwater river. Journal of Phycology 36(1): 7-16.
Corbel, S., C. Mougin and N. Bouaïcha (2014). Cyanobacterial toxins: Modes of actions, fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation in agricultural crops. Chemosphere 96: 1-15.
Czerny, J., J. Barcelos e Ramos and U. Riebesell (2009). Influence of elevated CO2 concentrations on cell division and nitrogen fixation rates in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium (i)Nodularia spumigena(/i). Biogeosciences 6(9): 1865-1875.
Dalu, T. and R. J. Wasserman (2018). Cyanobacteria dynamics in a small tropical reservoir: Understanding spatio-temporal variability and influence of environmental variables. Science of The Total Environment 643: 835-841.
Davis, T. W., M. J. Harke, M. A. Marcoval, J. Goleski, C. Orano-Dawson, D. L. Berry and C. J. Gobler (2010). Effects of nitrogenous compounds and phosphorus on the growth of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis during cyanobacterial blooms. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 61(2): 149-162.
Dreher, T. W., L. P. Collart, R. S. Mueller, K. H. Halsey, R. J. Bildfell, P. Schreder, A. Sobhakumari and R. Ferry (2018). Anabaena/Dolichospermum as the source of lethal microcystin levels responsible for a large cattle toxicosis event. Toxicon: X: 100003.
Dzialowski, A. R., V. H. Smith, S.-H. Wang, M. C. Martin and F. d. Jr (2011). Effects of non-algal turbidity on cyanobacterial biomass in seven turbid Kansas reservoirs. Lake and Reservoir Management 27(1): 6-14.
Falconer, I. R., A. M. Beresford and M. T. Runnegar (1983). Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Med J Aust 1(11): 511-514.
Falconer, I. R. and A. R. Humpage (2005). Health risk assessment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in drinking water. International journal of environmental research and public health 2(1): 43-50.
Farnham, I. M., A. K. Singh, K. J. Stetzenbach and K. H. Johannesson (2002). Treatment of nondetects in multivariate analysis of groundwater geochemistry data. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 60(1): 265-281.
Francis, G. (1878). Poisonous Australian Lake. Nature 18: 11.
Froscio, S. M., A. R. Humpage, P. C. Burcham and I. R. Falconer (2001). Cell-free protein synthesis inhibition assay for the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin. Environ Toxicol 16(5): 408-412.
Froscio, S. M., A. R. Humpage, P. C. Burcham and I. R. Falconer (2003). Cylindrospermopsin-induced protein synthesis inhibition and its dissociation from acute toxicity in mouse hepatocytes. Environ Toxicol 18(4): 243-251.
Froscio, S. M., A. R. Humpage, W. Wickramasinghe, G. Shaw and I. R. Falconer (2008). Interaction of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin with the eukaryotic protein synthesis system. Toxicon 51(2): 191-198.
Harke, M. J., M. M. Steffen, C. J. Gobler, T. G. Otten, S. W. Wilhelm, S. A. Wood and H. W. Paerl (2016). A review of the global ecology, genomics, and biogeography of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp. Harmful Algae 54: 4-20.
Hayes, K. P. and M. D. Burch (1989). Odorous compounds associated with algal blooms in south australian waters. Water Research 23(1): 115-121.
Howarth, R. W., R. Marino and J. J. Cole (1988). Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. 2. Biogeochemical controls1. Limnology and Oceanography 33(4part2): 688-701.
Hubbell, S. P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography (MPB-32), Princeton University Press.
Huisman, J., J. Sharples, J. M. Stroom, P. M. Visser, W. E. A. Kardinaal, J. M. H. Verspagen and B. Sommeijer (2004). CHANGES IN TURBULENT MIXING SHIFT COMPETITION FOR LIGHT BETWEEN PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES. Ecology 85(11): 2960-2970.
Humpage, A. R. and I. R. Falconer (2003). Oral toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in male Swiss albino mice: determination of no observed adverse effect level for deriving a drinking water guideline value. Environ Toxicol 18(2): 94-103.
Ibelings, B. W., M. Vonk, H. F. J. Los, D. T. van der Molen and W. M. Mooij (2003). FUZZY MODELING OF CYANOBACTERIAL SURFACE WATERBLOOMS: VALIDATION WITH NOAA-AVHRR SATELLITE IMAGES. Ecological Applications 13(5): 1456-1472.
Isvánovics, V., H. M. Shafik, M. Présing and S. Juhos (2000). Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of the cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanophyceae) in throughflow cultures. Freshwater Biology 43(2): 257-275.
Jüttner, F. and S. B. Watson (2007). Biochemical and Ecological Control of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Source Waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(14): 4395.
Jacoby, J. M., D. C. Collier, E. B. Welch, F. J. Hardy and M. Crayton (2000). Environmental factors associated with a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(1): 231-240.
Jan, H. and K. Tomasz (2011). Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data. Quaestiones Geographicae 30(2): 87-93.
Jarque, C. M. and A. K. Bera (1980). Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals. Economics Letters 6(3): 255-259.
JÖHnk, K. D., J. E. F. Huisman, J. Sharples, B. E. N. Sommeijer, P. M. Visser and J. M. Stroom (2008). Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria. Global Change Biology 14(3): 495-512.
Johnson, R. A. and D. W. Wichern (2007). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Pearson Education, Inc.
Jones, G. J. and W. Korth (1995). In situ production of volatile odour compounds by river and reservoir phytoplankton populations in Australia. Water Science and Technology 31(11): 145-151.
Jones, J. and M. T. Brett (2014). Lake Nutrients, Eutrophication, and Climate Change. Global Environmental Change. B. Freedman. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 273-279.
Kaiser, H. F. (1961). A NOTE ON GUTTMAN'S LOWER BOUND FOR THE NUMBER OF COMMON FACTORS1. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 14(1): 1-2.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39(1): 31-36.
Kaplan, A., R. Schwarz, J. Lieman-Hurwitz and L. Reinhold (1991). Physiological and molecular aspects of the inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria. Plant physiology 97(3): 851-855.
KenesiEmail, G., H. M. Shafik, A. W. Kovács, S. Herodek and M. Présing (2009). Effect of nitrogen forms on growth, cell composition and N2 fixation of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in phosphorus-limited chemostat cultures. Hydrobiologia 623(1): 191-202.
Kenkel, N. C. (2006). On selecting an appropriate multivariate analysis. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86(3): 663-676.
Lewis, W. M., W. A. Wurtsbaugh and H. W. Paerl (2011). Rationale for Control of Anthropogenic Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Reduce Eutrophication of Inland Waters. Environmental Science ＆ Technology 45(24): 10300-10305.
Linda, T., B. Kim, M. V. Petra and H. Jef (2007). Salt tolerance of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 46(2): 117-123.
Longyang, Q. (2019). Assessing the effects of climate change on water quality of plateau deep-water lake - A study case of Hongfeng Lake. Science of The Total Environment 647: 1518-1530.
Magurran, A. E. (2003). Measuring Biological Diversity, Wiley-Blackwell.
Mangan, N. M., A. Flamholz, R. D. Hood, R. Milo and D. F. Savage (2016). pH determines the energetic efficiency of the cyanobacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(36): E5354-5362.
Mead, R. (1988). The design of experiments: Statistical principles for practical applications. New York, NY, US, Cambridge University Press.
Meloun, M. and J. Militký (2011). Preface. Statistical Data Analysis. M. Meloun and J. Militký, Woodhead Publishing India: viii-x.
Meloun, M. and J. Militky (2011). Statistical Data Analysis: A Practical Guide, Woodhead Publishing, Limited.
Metcalf, J. S., A. Barakate and G. A. Codd (2004). Inhibition of plant protein synthesis by the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, cylindrospermopsin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 235(1): 125-129.
Moisander, P. H., E. McClinton, 3rd and H. W. Paerl (2002). Salinity effects on growth, photosynthetic parameters, and nitrogenase activity in estuarine planktonic cyanobacteria. Microb Ecol 43(4): 432-442.
Molot, L. A. (2017). The effectiveness of cyanobacteria nitrogen fixation: Review of bench top and pilot scale nitrogen removal studies and implications for nitrogen removal programs. Environmental Reviews 25(3): 292-295.
Nagata, S., T. Tsutsumi, A. Hasegawa, F. Yoshida, Y. Ueno and M. F. Watanabe (1997). Enzyme Immunoassay for Direct Determination of Microcystins in Environmental Water.
Nyoni, H., B. B. Mamba and T. A. M. Msagati (2017). Development of a silicone-membrane passive sampler for monitoring cylindrospermopsin and microcystin LR-YR-RR in natural waters. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 100: 189-200.
O’Neil, J. M., T. W. Davis, M. A. Burford and C. J. Gobler (2012). The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: The potential roles of eutrophication and climate change. Harmful Algae 14: 313-334.
Olsen, R. L., R. W. Chappell and J. C. Loftis (2012). Water quality sample collection, data treatment and results presentation for principal components analysis – literature review and Illinois River watershed case study. Water Research 46(9): 3110-3122.
Orr, J. C., V. J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A. Ishida, F. Joos, R. M. Key, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, R. Matear, P. Monfray, A. Mouchet, R. G. Najjar, G.-K. Plattner, K. B. Rodgers, C. L. Sabine, J. L. Sarmiento, R. Schlitzer, R. D. Slater, I. J. Totterdell, M.-F. Weirig, Y. Yamanaka and A. Yool (2005). Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681.
Öterler, B., B. Camur Elipek and S. Murat Arat (2018). Influence of environmental conditions on the phytoplankton community assemblages in Süloğlu Reservoir (Edirne, turkey).
Paerl, H. W. (2009). Controlling Eutrophication along the Freshwater–Marine Continuum: Dual Nutrient (N and P) Reductions are Essential. Estuaries and Coasts 32(4): 593-601.
Paerl, H. W. and J. Huisman (2009). Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environ Microbiol Rep 1(1): 27-37.
Paerl, H. W. and T. G. Otten (2013). Harmful cyanobacterial blooms: causes, consequences, and controls. Microb Ecol 65(4): 995-1010.
Paerl, H. W. and V. J. Paul (2012). Climate change: Links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria. Water Research 46(5): 1349-1363.
Pearson, K. (1901). LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 2(11): 559-572.
Pham, T.-L. and M. Utsumi (2018). An overview of the accumulation of microcystins in aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management 213: 520-529.
Puschner, B. (2018). Chapter 57 - Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algae) Toxins. Veterinary Toxicology (Third Edition). R. C. Gupta, Academic Press: 763-777.
Qian, F., D. R. Dixon, G. Newcombe, L. Ho, J. Dreyfus and P. J. Scales (2014). The effect of pH on the release of metabolites by cyanobacteria in conventional water treatment processes. Harmful Algae 39: 253-258.
Recknagel, F., P. T. Orr and H. Cao (2014). Inductive reasoning and forecasting of population dynamics of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in three sub-tropical reservoirs by evolutionary computation. Harmful Algae 31: 26-34.
Robarts, R. D. and T. Zohary (1987). Temperature effects on photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and growth rates of bloom‐forming cyanobacteria. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 21(3): 391-399.
Shapiro, J. (1997). The role of carbon dioxide in the initiation and maintenance of blue-green dominance in lakes. Freshwater Biology 37(2): 307-323.
Smith, R. L. (1991). Regional Guidance on Handling Chemical Concentration Data Near the Detection Limit in Risk Assessments H. W. M. D. O. o. S. Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Soares, M. C. S., M. Lürling and V. L. M. Huszar (2013). Growth and temperature-related phenotypic plasticity in the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Phycological Research 61(1): 61-67.
Su, M., V. Gaget, S. Giglio, M. Burch, W. An and M. Yang (2013). Establishment of quantitative PCR methods for the quantification of geosmin-producing potential and Anabaena sp. in freshwater systems. Water Research 47(10): 3444-3454.
Sun, L., H. Wang, Y. Q. Kan and S. L. Wang (2018). Distribution of phytoplankton community and its influence factors in an urban river network, East China. Frontiers of Environmental Science ＆ Engineering 12(6): 1-12.
Sunda, W. G., E. Graneli and C. J. Gobler (2006). POSITIVE FEEDBACK AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTIVE ALGAL BLOOMS1. Journal of Phycology 42(5): 963-974.
Suurnäkki, S., G. V. Gomez-Saez, A. Rantala-Ylinen, J. Jokela, D. P. Fewer and K. Sivonen (2015). Identification of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in cyanobacteria and molecular detection methods for the producers of these compounds. Water Research 68: 56-66.
Tillett, D., E. Dittmann, M. Erhard, H. von Dohren, T. Borner and B. A. Neilan (2000). Structural organization of microcystin biosynthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806: an integrated peptide-polyketide synthetase system. Chem Biol 7(10): 753-764.
USEPA (2001). Creating a Cyanotoxin Target List for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule.
USEPA (2015). 2015 Drinking Water Health Advisories for Two Cyanobacterial Toxins. O. o. Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Uwins, H. K., P. Teasdale and H. Stratton (2007). A case study investigating the occurrence of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in the surface waters of the Hinze Dam, Gold Coast, Australia. Water Sci Technol 55(5): 231-238.
Vezie, C., J. Rapala, J. Vaitomaa, J. Seitsonen and K. Sivonen (2002). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis strains and on intracellular microcystin concentrations. Microb Ecol 43(4): 443-454.
Wang, J., Z. Fu, H. Qiao and F. Liu (2019). Assessment of eutrophication and water quality in the estuarine area of Lake Wuli, Lake Taihu, China. Sci Total Environ 650(Pt 1): 1392-1402.
Watson, S. B. (2004). Aquatic taste and odor: A primary signal of drinking-water integrity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part a-Current Issues 67(20-22): 1779-1795.
Watson, S. B., J. Ridal and G. L. Boyer (2008). Taste and odour and cyanobacterial toxins: impairment, prediction, and management in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65(8): 1779-1796.
WHO (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization.
Wiedner, C., J. Rücker, R. Brüggemann and B. Nixdorf (2007). Climate change affects timing and size of populations of an invasive cyanobacterium in temperate regions. Oecologia 152(3): 473-484.
Xia, R., Y. Zhang, A. Critto, J. Y. Wu, J. T. Fan, Z. R. Zheng and Y. Z. Zhang (2016). The Potential Impacts of Climate Change Factors on Freshwater Eutrophication: Implications for Research and Countermeasures of Water Management in China. Sustainability 8(3): 17.
Zaitlin, B. and S. B. Watson (2006). Actinomycetes in relation to taste and odour in drinking water: Myths, tenets and truths. Water Research 40(9): 1741-1753.
Zhang, J. Z., L. W. Li, L. J. Qiu, X. T. Wang, X. Y. Meng, Y. You, J. W. Yu and W. L. Ma (2017). Effects of Climate Change on 2-Methylisoborneol Production in Two Cyanobacterial Species. Water 9(11): 12.
Zhao, G. (2011). Spatial–temporal characteristics of surface water quality in the Taihu Basin, China.
王博彥 (2016). 德基水庫水質對藻華之影響因子研究, 國立臺灣海洋大學.
柳昭銘 (1991). 環境因子對微囊藻毒性變化之影響. 碩士, 國立臺灣大學.
高翔毅 (2011). 以主成分分析探討石門水庫優養化之研究. 碩士, 國立台灣海洋大學.
張德威 (2008). 淨水程序對藍綠菌細胞破壞及其代謝物去除之研究. 碩士, 國立成功大學.
郭韋成 (2010). 南化與曾文水庫藻類生長之限制因子探討. 碩士, 國立臺南大學.
陳育孜 (2012). 光限制對臺灣南部水庫中藻類生長的影響. 碩士, 國立臺南大學.
詹智全 (2001). 國內水庫優養化評估因子及藻類指標間之相關性分析研究. 碩士, 國立中興大學.
鄧惠聰 (2015). 以主成分分析台灣三大水庫水質之研究. 碩士, 國立臺灣海洋大學