臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在電路設計領域中，為了瞭解交換式降壓轉換器電路的特性，設計者一般使用Hspice或Virtuoso電路軟體進行分析，但需要花費較多時間在電晶體積體線路設計上。本論文是使用Matlab Simulink工具，來檢視設計理論與各項線路功能在交換式降壓轉換器電路系統設計階段的分析，進而縮短系統電路設計階段的時間；為了驗證整體線路設計及各項功能與精確性，轉換器電路也使用Cadence Virtuoso軟體進行分析，進而證明出使用Matlab Simulink工具分析的可行性。
隨著電子產業發展日新月異，電子產品做得多樣且精密，然而沒有提供穩定的供應電壓，任何電子產品都無法正常運作。因此，為了讓電子產品能夠擁有穩定的電壓，有兩種穩壓的電路架構能提供此一需求，一種是線性穩壓器(Linear regulator)，另一種是高速切換開關達到穩壓效果的交換式降壓轉換器(Switching mode buck converter)。為了達到穩壓的目的，本論文是選用交換式降壓轉換器，運用MOSFET元件高速切換開關，並且使用比例、積分、微分(PID)控制系統和脈波寬度調變(PWM)產生器，來實現閉迴路電壓控制電路設計並縮短電壓的穩定時間。此外，也將交換式降壓轉換器電路的迴授端加入比例、積分控制器(PI controller)，比例、微分控制器(PD controller)以及比例、積分、微分控制系統(PID controller)進行比較而整理出其差異性，根據模擬結果證實Matlab Simulink適用於系統開發，它也與Cadence Virtuoso的實際電路仿真結果相符，而在整體電路效能上，PID控制器優於PI或PD控制器。
根據實驗結果顯示，採用Matlab Simulink工具來進行電路設計是可行的，而且其模擬數據與實際的電路模擬軟體是相仿的。另外，在整體線路效能表現上，交換式降壓轉換器電路在採用比例、積分、微分控制器(PID)的輸出表現，明顯地優於採用比例、積分控制器(PI) 以及比例、微分(PD)的電路。本論文所得出的輸出電壓漣波是1.3mv，輸出電壓漣波百分比占輸出電壓的0.005％，其效能顯示是優於參考文獻所記載的。

In circuit design area, the performance of buck converter is commonly analyzed using circuit simulation tools such as Hspice or Virtuoso. However, it takes lots of time to analyze the performance of buck converter circuit in transistor level. In this paper it is using Matlab Simulink software functions to verify the design theories and analyzing the functionalities of Buck converter circuit in system level to shorten the time period of system design phase, in order to double confirm the design accuracy and verify the functionality of the Buck converter it also has been implement to Cadence Virtuoso for further analysis to ensure that using Matlab Simulink is applicable for system development and circuit design stage. With the rapid development of the electronics industry, electronic products have been made diversified and sophisticated. However, the electronic devices will not work properly without stable supply voltage. Therefore, in order to obtain a stable voltage source, there are two kinds of voltage regulator can be applied: (1) the linear regulator, (2) switching mode buck converter. In this paper, it is discussing about the switching mode buck converter using MOSFET for high speed switching device with Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) feedback system to shorten the stability time. Moreover, the buck converter with PI, PD, and PID controller was implemented to compare the performance between different controllers. In accordance with the simulation result to convince that Matlab Simulink is applicable for system development and it also is compatible with the real circuit simulation result of Cadence Virtuoso. As to the overall circuitry performance the PID controller will better than PI or PD controller.
According to the simulation test result, using Matlab Simulink is workable for circuit design, the simulation result is similar with actual circuit simulation result, furthermore the functionality performance of switching mode buck converter circuit with PID Controller is better than PI Controller and PD Controller, the output ripple of this paper is 1.3mv and the percentage of output ripple is 0.005%, the functionality performance of output ripple is better than refence paper.

目錄

摘要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌 謝 v
目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2研究動機與目的 2
1.3研究方法 2
1.4論文架構 4
第二章 穩壓器簡介 5
2-1 交換式降壓轉換器電路架構與簡介 5
2-2線性穩壓器簡介 8
電源抑制比(PSRR) 9
2-3交換式降壓轉換器簡介 12
連續模式 14
第三章 交換式降壓轉換器電路設計 18
3-1電路架構介紹 18
3-2細部原理解說 19
參考電壓 19
能帶隙(Bandgap)參考電壓 20
電壓誤差(Verror)信號 20
3-3 比例、積分、微分 控制器系統(PID控制器系統) 22
比例放大器Kp (Proportional amp Kp) 23
積分器Ki(Integrator Ki) 26
微分器Kd (Differentiator Kd) 29
3-4 脈波寬度調變信號(Pulse width modulation signal) 30
PWM信號產生器 32
PWM信號產生器測試輸出結果 34
第四章 模擬結果與分析 35
4-1使用Matlab Simulink設計電路系統 35
4-2鋸齒波形(Repeating sequence saw tooth waveform) 36
4-3計算比例增益Kp 36
4-4 調整積分增益和Kd微分增益 37
4-5 P、I、D各別實驗測試 與P、PI、PD、PID控制器比較 38
P控制器 38
I控制器 39
D控制器 40
PI控制器 41
PD控制器 42
PID控制器 43
4-6 PI控制和PID控制系統穩定時間模擬結果 45
4-7文獻比較 46
4-8 使用 Cadence Virtuoso作電路設計 49
4-9使用Cadence Virtuoso執行電路模擬結果 50
Matlab Simulink與Cadence Virtuoso輸出電壓結果進行比較 51
第五章 結論 52
未來與展望 52
參考文獻 54

 
表目錄

表2.1交換式降壓轉換器與線性穩壓器之優劣比較 [2] 7
表3-1電路元件參數 19
表4-1 最佳PID調整值 37
表4-2 P、PI、PD、PID控制器穩定時間比較 44
表4-3 參考文獻電路規格 46
表4-4 參考文獻線路元件參數 47
表4-5與參考文獻效能規格比較 48
表4-6 MATLAB SIMULINK與CADENCE VIRTUOSO輸出電壓結果比較 51
表4-7 MATLAB SIMULINK 分析交換式降壓轉換器電路效能之誤差值 51

 
圖目錄
圖1-1：研究分析流程 4
圖2-1：交換式器降壓轉換器的基本架構 6
圖2-2：線性穩壓器的基本架構 6
圖2-3：線性穩壓器架構圖 9
圖2-4：線性穩壓器架構圖 10
圖2-5：線性穩壓器特性曲線圖[4] 11
圖2-6：交換式降壓轉換器連續模式時序圖[5] 14
圖2-7：交換式降壓轉換器閉迴路 15
圖2-8：交換式降壓轉換器開迴路 15
圖3-1：比例、積分、微分控制器系統迴授之交換式降壓轉換器電路架構 18
圖3-2：使用 OPA 控制的帶隙參考電壓 20
圖3-3：減法器位置圖 21
圖3-4：減法器電路圖 21
圖3-5：比例、積分、微分 控制器系統方塊圖 22
圖3-6：KP電路圖 24
圖3-7：OPA放大器內部電線路圖 24
圖3-8：鋸齒波產生器波型圖 25
圖3-9：比較器位置圖 26
圖3-10：比較器電路 26
圖3-11：KI積分器電路圖 27
圖3-12：KD微分器電路圖 30
圖3-13：工作週期示意圖 31
圖3-14：PWM信號產器位置圖 32
圖3-15：PWM信號解說圖 32
圖3-16：PWM信號產器 33
圖3-17：PWM信號 34
圖4-1：使用MATLAB設計電路圖 35
圖4-2：使用MATLAB 輸出的PWM產生器鋸齒波形示意圖 36
圖4-3：P控制器模擬結果 38
圖4-4：I控制器模擬結果 39
圖4-5：D控制器模擬結果 40
圖4-6：PI控制器模擬結果 41
圖4-7：PD控制器模擬結果 42
圖4-8：PID控制器模擬結果 43
圖4-9：PI和PID控制器對穩定時間的模擬結果 45
圖4-10：參考文獻電路架構圖[1] 46
圖4-11：與文獻的輸出電壓結果比較 47
圖4-12：輸出電壓漣波放大圖 48
圖4-13：使用CADENCE VIRTUOSO設計之電路圖 49
圖4-14：使用CADENCE VIRTUOSO執行電路模擬的最終結果 50

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