臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣經濟發展與社會結構的改變，導致女性勞動參與率的逐年上升。然而，我國在1995年3月開辦全民健康保險前後幾年，可以發現女性勞動參與率的成長減緩。此現象是否是受到全民健康保險將邊際勞工納入保險對象，因而鼓勵其退出勞動市場，使得女性勞動參與率的成長減緩？是為本研究的主要目的。有鑑於此，本研究透過結合行政院主計總處公布的中華民國統計資訊網「就業失業統計」、「薪資及生產力統計」、「就業失業統計資料」、「物價指數」，內政部統計年報以及臺灣經濟新報資料庫 (Taiwan Economic Journal, TEJ)，在1981-2013年的時間序列資料，對期間內的女性勞動參與率進行分析。
在女性勞動參與率的實證結果方面：首先，以鄒檢定 (Chow Test) 方式可以發現，1995年3月所開辦的全民健康保險顯著改變女性勞動參與率的結構。其次，女性勞動供給曲線方面，在開辦全民健康保險之前的15年呈現後彎的現象，然而在開辦全民健康保險之後的18年卻呈現正斜率的現象。這可能是開辦全民健康保險之後，降低女性邊際勞工為了納入勞工保險而接受低於保留工資工作的意願，扭轉女性勞動供給曲線在低薪部分呈現後彎現象為正斜率的表現。

Female labor force participation rate (LFPR) in Taiwan has been increasing due to economic development and changes of social structure for the past several decades. However, the rate of growth is slowed around several years when the Universal Health Insurance (UHI) was implemented in March 1995. Is this phenomenon caused by UHI’s coverage of marginal labor resulting their exiting out of labor force, so that female’s LFPR growth is slowed? This is the purpose of this study. The study uses database from National Statistics of Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C., Interior Statistics of Ministry of Interior, and Taiwan Economic Journal to analyze time series model of female LFPR from 1981 to 2013.
Empirical results are briefly summarized. First, Chow Test shows that the implementation of UNI in March 1995 changes the structure of female’s LFPR. Second, 15 years prior to the implementation of UHI, female’s LFPR is backward-bending, while post to the implementation of UHI, female’s LFPR is upward-sloping. This can be explained by the fact that the implementation of UHI reduces female marginal labor’s willingness of being included in the Labor Insurance by accepting wages below their reservation wage. This results in female LFPR being upward-sloping rather than backward-bending in the low wage portion.

目次
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機
第二節 研究目的
第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 女性勞動參與趨勢
第二節 我國女性勞動參與狀況
第三節 影響女性勞動參與的因素
第三章 研究方法
第一節 變數選取與資料來源
第二節 研究方法與架構
第四章 實證結果
第一節 單根檢定(Unit Root Test)
第二節 鄒檢定 (Chow Test)
第三節 實證結果
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 研究結果
第二節 研究建議
第三節 研究限制

李天生 (2001)，「家庭集體決策模型之研究-我國家戶勞動供給的實證分析」，碩士論文，國立臺北大學財政學系。[Lee, T. C. (2001), “The Study of Household Collective model -An Emperical Analysis of Household Labor Supply in Taiwan,” (Unpublished master’s thesis), National Taipei University.]
吳惠林 (1988)，「專上人力勞動報酬的決定因素:台灣的實證分析」，經濟論文叢刊，13:3，357-370。
吳慧瑛 (1997)，「台灣勞動供給跨期分析」，人口、就業與福利，34，73-106。
邱榮輝 (1982)，「臺灣婦女勞動參與和生育率」，臺灣銀行季刊，46:3，139-158。
倪明浩 (1992)，「家庭型態與勞動供給-台灣之實證研究」，碩士論文，國立中興大學經濟學研究所。
高月霞與陳仕偉 (1994)，「臺灣婦女勞動參與行為之因果關系分析」，婦女與兩性學刊，5，1-45。[Kao, Y. S. and S. W. Chen (1994), “The Analysis of Causal Relationship on Taiwan Female Labor Participation Behavior,” Journal of Women And Gender Studies, 5, 1:45.]
高　長 (1992)，「製造業赴大陸投資經營當地化及其對台灣經濟之影響」，經濟情勢暨評估，7:1。
張芷瑜 (2006)，「全民健保對台灣地區中高齡男性勞動參與率下降影響之探討」，未發表碩士論文，國立高雄大學經濟管理研究所。[Chang, C. Y. (2006), “The Decline in the Middle-Aged Male Labor Force Participation Rate in Taiwan-The Role of the National Health Insurance,” (Unpublished master’s thesis), National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.]
張素梅 (1978)，「臺灣都市生育水準對婦女勞動參與行為的影響」，經濟論文叢刊，8，227-273。
張素梅(1988) ，「婦女勞動參與率的研究—聯立模型分析」，經濟論文叢刊，16-2，175-195。
張清溪 (1979)，「結婚生育與子女數對有偶婦女勞動供給的影響」，經濟論文叢刊，9:2，167-224。
張慶輝 (1991)，「台灣勞動供給之研究」，勞動市場與勞資關係研討會，中央研究院經濟研究所。
單　驥 (1988)，「我國家庭夫婦勞動供給的決定—兼論所得稅的影響」，經濟論文叢刊，16:2，251-257。
黃台心 (2000)，「我國已婚婦女勞動供給的生命循環分析」，經濟論文叢刊，28:1，1-24。
黃際鍊 (1977)，「台灣近期景氣變動與女性勞動力、女工進退」，臺灣銀行季刊，28，192-214
褚阮宗琦 (2004)，「女性勞動參與和薪資決定之年群分析」，碩士論文，國立中央大學產業經濟所。[ChuJuan, T. C. (2004), A Cohort Analysis of Female Labor Participation and Wage Determinant, (Unpublished master’s thesis), Graduate Institute of Industrial Economics, National Central University.]
劉錦添與江錫九 (1997)，「台灣有偶婦女時間分配型態之實證研究」，人文及社會科學集刊，9:3，1-29。[Liu, J. T. and S. J. Jiang (1997), “The Empirical Study of Married Women’s Time Allocation in Taiwan,” Taipei, Academia Sinica.]
劉鶯釧 (1991)，「家庭所得分配的勞動經濟分析-台灣雙薪家庭實證」，勞動市場與勞資關係研討會，中央研究院經濟研究所。
謝欣玲 (1995)，「工資差異硏究: 1941-43年的台灣實證」，博士論文，國立台灣大學經濟學研究所。
羅紀琼 (1986)，「已婚婦女勞動參與的再思」，經濟論文叢刊，14:1，113-130。

Angrist, J. and W.N. Evans (1996), “Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of the 1970 State Abortion Reforms,” NBER Working Paper W5406.
Bayanpourtehrani, G, and K. Sylwester (2013), "Democracy and Female Labor Force Participation: An Empirical Examination." Social Indicators Research, 112:3 749-762.
Becker, G. S. (1965), “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,” The Economic Journal, 75:299, 493-517.
Becker, G. S. (1974), “A Theory of Marriage Part II,” Journal of Political Economy, 82, 11-26
Becker, G. S. (1977), “A Treatise on the Family,” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blau, F., M. Ferber and A. Winkler (1998), “The Economics of Women, Men and Work,” 3rd edition, Prentice-Hall: NJ
Bloom, D. E., D. Canning, G. Fink and J. E. Finlay (2009), “Fertility, Female Labor Force Participate, and the Demographic Dividend,” Journal of Economic Growth, 14:2, 79-101.
Bowen, W. G. and A. T. Finegan (1969), “The Economics of Labor Force Participation,” Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Budig, M. J. (2003), “Are Women’s Employment and Fertility Histories Interdependent? An Examination of Causal Order Using Event History Analysis,” Social Science Research, 32:3, 376-401.
Cebula, R. J. and C. K. Coombs (2008), "Recent Evidence on Factors Influencing the Female Labor Force Participation Rate," Journal of Labor Research, 29:3: 272-284.
Cheng, B. S. (1999), “Cointegration and Causality between Fertility and Female Labor Participation in Taiwan: A Multivariate Approach,” Atlantic Economic Journal, 27:4, 422-434.
Cheng, I. H. and E. French (2000) “The Effect of the Run-up in the Stock Market on Labor Supply,” Economic Perspectives, 24:4, 48-65.
Chou, Y. J. and D. Staiger (2001), “Health Insurance and Female Labor Supply in Taiwan,” Journal of Health Economic, 20:2, 187-211.
Contreras, D., L. de Mellob and E. Puentesc (2011), “The determinants of labour force participation and employment in Chile,” Applied Economics, 43:21, 2765-2776.
Coronado, J. L. and M. Perozek (2003), “Wealth Effects and the Consumption of Leisure: Retirement Decisions during the Stock Market Boom of the 1990s,” FEDS Working Paper 2003-20. Washington: Federal Reserve Board.
Elizaga, J. C. (1974), “The Participation of Women in the Labor Force in Latin American: Fertility and Other Factors,” International Labor Review, 109:5-6, 519-538.
Goldin, C. (1990), “Understanding the Gender Gap.” New York: Oxford University Press.
Gronau, R. (1977), “Leisure, Home Production, and Work: The Theory of the Allocation of Time Revisited,” Journal of Political Economics, 85-6, 1099-1124.
Gronau, R. (1988), “Sex-related Wage Differentials and Women’s Interrupted Carres— the Children or the Age.” Journal of Labor Economics, 6:3, 277-301.
Haveman, R., P. D. Jong and B. Wolfe (1991), “Disability Transfers and the Work Decision of Older Men,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106:3, 939-949.
Heckman, J. (1974), “Shadow Prices, Market Wages, and Labor Supply,” Econometrica, 42:4, 679-694.
Hill, C. R. and F. P. Stafford (1974), “Allocation of Time to Preschool Children and Education Opportunity,” Journal of Human Resources, 9, 323-341.
Hotchkiss, J. L. (2006), "Changes in Behavioral and Characteristic Determination of Female Labor Force Participation, 1975-2005," Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 91:2, 1-20.
Kalist, D. E. (2004), “Abortion and Female Labor Force Participation: Evidence Prior to Roe v. Wade,” Journal of Labor Research, 25:3, 503-514.
Korenman, S and D. Neumark (1992), “Marriage, Motherhood, and Wages,” Journal of Human Resource, 27:2, 233-255.
Liao, P. A. and J. E. Taylor (2010), “Health Care Reform and Farm Women's Off-Farm Labor Force Participation: Evidence from Taiwan,” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 35:2, 281-298.
Mincer, J. (1985), “Intercountry Comparisons of Labor Force Trends and of Related Development: An Overview,” Journal of Labor Economics, 3:1, 1-32.
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2012), “The Effects of the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act on Female Labor Supply,” International Economic Review, 53:4, 1133-1153.
Parsons, D. O. (1980), “The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation,” Journal of Political Economy, 88:1, 117-134.
Ribero, R. (2000), “Family Structure, Fertility and Child Quality in Colombia,” Yale University Center Discussion Paper, No.818.
Supan, A. B. and R. Schnabel (1998), “Social Security and Declining Labor-Force Participation in Germany,” The American Economic Review, 88:2, 173-178.
Zimmer, D. M. (2010), “The Role of Health Insurance in Labor Supply Decisions of Divorced Females,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50:2, 121-131.