臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇論文以決定論為基底靈魂加上當代女性主義為架，構透過心理分析的角度來探討瑪姬•皮爾斯(Marge Piercy)在1999年所著的小說《三個女人Three Women》。此文本所敘述的是一個仍以傳統猶太教為重心，穿越三代四個女人的故事。三代的母女關係所要反映的並不單純只是母女間的問題，其作者所期望呈現的更是女人在承襲母體系統的同時對於未來自由決擇的能力。這是每位身為所謂「女性」的人都會面臨到的一個課題。女性該如何在社會所定義下的身份，加上來自與母親相同的性別當中，做出不同的自己。作者本身正好是此文本最佳的反照，雖非生為猶太人，但是這是作者自願性的接受其母系的傳統。在一般人都以其父系傳統及文化為主的同時，作者是自選成為猶太人的，但卻也不完全的按照猶太教對於女性要求標準下過日子。作者以極傳統的生活方式加上極其先進的女性主義思考所創造下的文本，正是此作品的迷人之處。我在論文中所要論述的摘要如下:
首章緒論先就作者的背景及小說的內容做概要性的簡介，並對心理分析理論，當代主義，女性主義和相容論做介紹。相容論是決定論的其中一個派系，它相信決定論跟自由論是相容的。 第二章所討論的是女性性別的定義。女人是一出生就是女人，還是社會所定義下而成為的呢? 女人跟女性有任何的差別嗎? 通常女人都跟一些名詞畫上等號，例如:女性化，母親等。但是真的是如此嗎? 第三章以心理分析的方式來解釋母女關係對於女人心理發展的影響，此章節會透過佛洛依德，南西•喬德洛(Nancy Chodorow) ，茱莉•克莉絲娃(Julia Kristeva)對女性心理發展的論點來闡釋文本中的母女關係。 第四章進一步的探討如何強化女人主體意識認同。經由著名當代女性主義者，茱莉•巴德勒(Judith Butler)及茱莉•克莉絲娃(Julia Kristeva)之觀點來詮釋說明。 最後，此論文的結論試圖重述作者的背景加上其以「母性為原則—Maternal Principle」的創作風格所呈現出的文本是一個期望創造出女性自主決擇的多樣化，而不僅是女人跟母親間單純而傳統的描述而已。

This thesis attempts to use Compatibilism as the base, along with contemporary feministic perspectives and psychoanalytic narration, to interpret the novel Three Women written by Marge Piercy in 1999. Marge Piercy, with her unique writing style, concentrates on the “maternal principle,” which apparently is the theme and technique of the novel presenting us with a multiplicity of possibilities, not only of the freedom of women, but of narration on the generational issue between mothers and daughters.
The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the author’s background, her Jewish ethnicity and the content of the text Three Women. It also introduces the theories on Determinism and Feminism I am adopting in my thesis construction, which are Postmodernism, Feminism, Psychoanalysis and Compatibilism. The second chapter explains the existence of women by discussing the self-consciousness through Hegelian, Freudian and Lacanian viewpoints, as well as considering the terms that equalize women, such as gender, femininity and motherhood by elucidating Judith Butler’s, Simone de Beauvoir’s, and Luce Irigaray’s argumentation. The third chapter goes further into the psychological aspect of women by illustrating the influences on women of the mother/daughter relationship. Here, I seek to oppose the primal women’s psychoanalysis of Freud and support my statements with Julia Kristeva’s idea that women’s psychological development could develop by the connection with their mothers, for mother could play both feminine and masculine roles. This is, as I show, is what Piercy has done with the characters in her novel. The fourth chapter tries to re-intensify the subjective identification of women by applying Judith Butler’s theory of “Phantasmatic Identification” and Julia Kristeva’s theoretical view that describes women’s status as “Exile and Foreignness.” Both of their theories require repeated re-identification with the patriarchal world. The last chapter reiterates the sequence and argumentation of this study about Piercy’s novel that opens a wider potential for women with freedom of choice and explores the outcomes of such choices over three generations.

Table of Contents


Chinese Abstract………………………………………………………………… III

English Abstract…………………………………………………………………. IV

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… V

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………... VI



Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………… 1
Author’s Background and Connection to Female Issues…………... 3
An Overview of the Text…………………………………………… 8
Theoretical Approach………………………………………………. 12
Chapter 2 Is Woman Born or Made? Gender, Femininity and Motherhood…... 19
Before Gender, Self-Consciousness………………………………... 20
Constructed Gender: Feminist Theory and Piercy’s Feminism……. 24
Diverse Femininity ………………………………………………… 28
Motherhood vs. Morality…………………………………………... 33
The Women of Marge Piercy’s Three Women……………………… 37
Chapter 3 Non-Determined Potentials: The Mother/ Daughter Relationship…. 43
Freudian Psychoanalysis vs. Mother/ Daughter Relationship……... 46
Nancy Chodorow…………………………………………………... 54
Julia Kristeva……………………………………………………… 58
Luce Irigaray and Kristeva………………………………………… 60
Judith Butler……………………………………………………….. 61
Chapter 4 Womanhood: The Outlet from Restrictions………………………... 64
The Closure………………………………………………………… 65
Exile and Foreignness……………………………………………… 70
Phantasmatic Identification………………………………………… 72
Chapter 5 Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 78

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………... 83

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