臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

本論文將針對「電流式」二階濾波電路與「電壓式」二階濾波電路各提出一個更簡化的設計。

在「電流式」二階濾波電路部份，本文提出以「單一」完全差動第二代電流傳輸器(Fully Differential Second-generation Current Conveyor，以下簡稱FDCCⅡ)為主動元件設計之電流式兩輸入三輸出或三輸入一輸出二階萬用濾波電路。這個電路使用一個多輸出端之FDCCⅡ為主動元件，兩個接地電容器及兩個接地/虛接地電阻器。

在「電壓式」二階濾波電路部分，本文提出以單一個FDCCⅡ與一個電壓追隨器(Voltage Follower，以下簡稱VF)為主動元件及四個被動元件設計之一輸入三輸出及兩個差動輸出之二階多功能濾波電路。

這兩個電路並具有以下之優點： 1.完全無須元件匹配條件， 2.可由同一結構產生低通、帶通、高通、帶拒及全通濾波信號， 3.不需反向電流調整及反向電壓、倍數電壓調整， 4.濾波器參數ωo與ωo/Q值可經由不同的兩個電阻調整， 5.使用兩個接地電容器利於積體電路之製作， 6.低的主、被動元件靈敏度， 7.具直接可串接特性及 8.具較簡單的電路結構。

Abstract

Two new simpler versatile current/voltage-mode biquads are proposed in this thesis.

First, a universal current-mode biquad with two inputs and three outputs or three inputs and one output using a single fully differential second-generation current conveyor (FDCCⅡ) and four grounded/virtually-grounded passive elements is proposed. Then, the other voltage-mode biquad with a single input and three outputs, and two differential-voltage outputs using one FDCCⅡ, one voltage-follower(VF), and four passive elements is proposed.

Both proposed circuits have the following advantageous features: simultaneous realization of five generic filter signals from the same configuration without any component matching conditions, no requirements of any cancellation constraints, orthogonal adjustment of ωo/Q and ωo through two separate resistors, employment of two grounded capacitors ideal for integrated circuit implementation, very low active and passive sensitivities, cascadability and simpler circuit structures.

目 錄

第一章 緒論………………………………………………………………1
第二章 電流式主動元件之簡介………………………………………4
2.1 電流傳輸器……………………………………………………5
2.2 完全差動第二代電流傳輸器與電壓追隨器…………………17
2.3 運算轉導放大器與電壓差動電流傳輸器…………………….22
第三章 以單一多輸出端之FDCCⅡ為主動元件設計「電流式」萬用二階濾波電路…………………………………………………….29
3.1 先前學者所發表之電路………………………………………30
3.2本文所提之新電路……………………………………………33
3.3電路的比較……………………………………………………41
第四章 以一個FDCCⅡ及一個電壓追隨器(VF)為主動元件設計「電壓式」多功能二階濾波電路…………………………………………47
4.1 先前學者所發表之電路………………………………………48
4.2本文所提之新電路……………………………………………51
4.3電路的比較……………………………………………………56
第五章 結論及未來展望…………………………………………………57
參考資料…………………………………………………………………60

圖 目 錄

圖2.1 CCⅠ之元件符號……………………………………...……………5
圖2.2 CCⅡ之元件符號……………………………………………...……6
圖2.3(a) CCⅡ+之內部電路………………………………………….………7
圖2.3(b) CCⅡ-之內部電路…………………………………….……………8
圖2.4(a) 電壓放大器………………………………………….……..………8
圖2.4(b) 電流放大器…………………………………………...……………8
圖2.4(c) 電壓-電流轉換器……………………….…………………………8
圖2.4(d) 電流-電壓轉換器…………………………………………….……8
圖2.4(e) 電壓微分器…………………………………………...……………9
圖2.4(f) 電流微分器…………………………………………...……………9
圖2.4(g) 電壓積分器…………………………………………...……………9
圖2.4(h) 電流積分器…………………………………………...……………9
圖2.5 CCⅢ之元件符號……………………………………...……………9
圖2.6 以雙輸出端CCⅡ實現CCⅢ………………………….……….….10
圖2.7(a) 電流加法器…………………………………….…………………10
圖2.7(b) 加權電流加法器……………………….………..……..…………10
圖2.7(c) 電流放大器……………………………..…….………..…………11
圖2.7(d) 電壓放大器……………..……………………………..……….…11
圖2.7(e) 傳輸阻抗放大器……………………………..………..……….…11
圖2.7(f) 傳輸導納放大器……………………………………..…..…….…11
圖2.8 CCⅡ(+/+)之元件符號………..……………………………….…12
圖2.9 CFCCⅡp之內部電路…………………………………….…….…13
圖2.10 Compound CCⅡ之元件符號…………………………..……….…13
圖2.11 Compound CCⅡ之內部電路………………………………..…….14
圖2.12 CCⅡ(-/-)之元件符號…………………………….……..………15
圖2.13 CCⅡ(-/-)之內部電路………………………………………...…15
圖2.14 FDCCⅡ之元件符號…………………………………………….....17
圖2.15 FDCCⅡ之內部電路……………………………………………….18
圖2.16 多輸出端FDCCⅡ之元件符號………….………………………...19
圖2.17 多輸出端FDCCⅡ之內部電路……………………………………20
圖2.18 VF之元件符號………………………………………………..…..21
圖2.19 OTA之元件符號………………………………………….……….22
圖2.20 OTA之內部電路…………………………………………………..22
圖2.21 雙輸出端OTA之元件符號………………………………….…….23
圖2.22 雙輸出端OTA之內部電路…………………………………….….23
圖2.23(a) 接地電阻……………………………………………….………....24
圖2.23(b) 電流積分器………………………………………………...……..24
圖2.23(c) 電壓積分器…………………………………………...…………..24
圖2.23(d) 電壓放大器…………………………………………...…………..24
圖2.23(e) 電流放大器…………………………………………………….…25
圖2.24 DVCC之元件符號…………...………………………………….…25
圖2.25 DVCC之內部電路……………………………………………..…..26
圖2.26(a) 接地-浮接正阻抗轉換器…………………………...……………27
圖2.26(b) 接地-浮接負阻抗轉換器…………………………...……………27
圖2.26(c) 浮接正阻抗反相器……………………………………...………..27
圖2.26(d) 浮接負阻抗反相器………………………………………...……..28
圖2.26(e) 浮接旋向器…………………………………………………...…..28
圖3.1 學者Hung-Yu Wang與Ching-Ting Lee所提出之電流式一輸入三輸出二階萬用濾波電路……………………………………….30
圖3.2 學者Hung-Yu Wang與Ching-Ting Lee所提出之電流式三輸入一輸出二階萬用濾波電路……………………………………….30
圖3.3 新提出之電流式二階萬用濾波電路……………………...……..33
圖3.4(a) 電流式低通濾波電路頻率響應圖…….………………….….…..42
圖3.4(b) 電流式帶通濾波電路頻率響應圖……...………………...….…..43
圖3.4(c) 電流式高通濾波電路頻率響應圖……...……………..….….…..44
圖3.4(d) 電流式帶拒濾波電路頻率響應圖……...………………….…....45
圖3.4(e) 電流式全通濾波電路頻率響應圖……...………………….….....46
圖3.5 被動元件接地之電流式萬用二階濾波電路…………...…...…..40
圖4.1 學者C. M. Chang與M. J. Lee提出之電壓式一輸入三輸出
多功能二階濾波電路……………………………….……………48
圖4.2 學者Jiun-Wei Horng提出之三輸入一輸出電壓式萬用二階
濾波電路………………………………………………………….49
圖4.3 新設計之電壓式一輸入多輸出二階多功能濾波電路………….53
圖4.4 以DVCC取出差動全通濾波信號……………………….………...55

表 目 錄

表2.1 FDCCⅡ內部電路電晶體之長寬比………...……………………18
表2.2 多輸出端FDCCⅡ內部電路電晶體之長寬比…………..………20
表3.1 電流式萬用二階濾波電路之比較………………………...……41
表4.1 電壓式二階濾波電路之比較…………………………………...56

參考資料

1. B. Wilson, "Recent development in current conveyors and current-mode circuits," IEEE Proc. G, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 63-77, 1990.
2. G. W. Roberts and A. S. Sedra, "All current-mode frequency selective circuits," Electron. Lett., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 759-761, 1989.
3. C. M. Chang and P. C. Chen, "Universal active filter with current gain using OTAs," Int. J. Electron., vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 805-808, 1991.
4. C. M. Chang and S. K. Pai, "Universal current-mode OTA-C biquad with the minimum components," IEEE: Trans. on Circuits and Syst. I, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1235-1238, 2000.
5. C. M. Chang and M. J. Lee, "Voltage-mode multifunction filter with signal input and three outputs using two compound current conveyors," IEEE: Trans. on Circuits and systems-I, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1364-1365, Nov. 1999.
6. H. Y. Wang and C. T. Lee, "Versatile insensitive current-mode universal biquad implementation using current conveyors," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Ⅱ, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 409-413, 2001.
7. J. W. Horng, "High-input impedance voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter using three plus-type CCⅡs," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Ⅱ, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 996-997, Oct. 2001.
8. A. Fabre, "An integrable multiple output translinear current conveyor," Int. J. Electronics, pp. 713-717, 1984.
9. A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 4th ed., New York: Oxford, 1997.
10. K. C. Smith and A. S. Sedra, "The current conveyor-a new circuit building block," IEEE Proc, vol. 56, pp. 1368-1369, 1968.
11. A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, "A second-generation current conveyor and its applications," IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory CAS-17, pp. 132-134, 1970.
12. M. Alami and A. Fabre, "Insensitive current-mode bandpass filter implemented from two current conveyors," Electronics Letters, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 897-899, 1991.
13. Giuseppe Ferri and Nicola Carlo Guerrini, "Low-voltage low-power novel CCⅡtopologies and applications," The 8th IEEE international conference on, vol. 2, pp. 1095-1098, 2001.
14. Montree Siripruchyanun, Paramote Wardkein, and Wipa Sangpisit, "A simple pulse width modulator using current conveyor," IEEE Proceedings, vol. 1, pp. 452-457, 2000.
15. A. Fabre, "Third-generation current conveyor: a new helpful active element," Electronics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 338-339, Mar. 1995.
16. 林志民, "電流式電路之研究,” 中原大學電子工程研究所碩士論文, 1996.
17. A. Fabre, "An integrable multiple output translinear current conveyor," Int. J. Electronics, pp. 713-717, 1984.
18. A. A. El-Adawy, A. M. Soliman, and H. O. Elwan, "A novel fully differential current conveyor and applications for analog VLSI," IEEE Trans Circuits Syst. Ⅱ, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 306-313, Apr. 2000.
19. A. Bialko and R. W. Newcomb, "Generation of all finite linear circuits using the integrated DVCCs," IEEE, Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 18, 1971.
20. H. O. Elwan and A. M. Soliman, "Novel CMOS differential voltage current conveyor and its applications," IEE, Proc. Circuit Devices System, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 195-200, 1997.
21. R. Senani, "New current-mode biquad filter," Int. J. Electron., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 735-742, 1992.
22. C. M. Chang, "Universal active current filter with single input and three outputs using CCIIs," Electron. Lett., vol. 29, no. 22, pp. 1932-1933, 1993.
23. C. M. Chang, "Novel universal current-mode filter with single input and three outputs using only five current conveyors, "Electron. Lett., vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 2005-2007, 1993.
24. M. T. Abuelma'atti and M. K. Khan, "Low component current-mode universal filter," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 2160-2161, 1995.
25. A. Fabre and M. Alami, "Universal current-mode biquad implemented from two second-generation current conveyors," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 42, pp. 383-385, 1995.
26. E. O. Günes and F. Anday, "Realization of current-mode universal filter using CFCCIIps," Electron. Lett., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1081-1082, 1996.
27. S. Özoğuz and C. Acar, "Universal current-mode filter with reduced number of active and passive components," Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 948-949, 1997.
28. C. M. Chang and S. H. Tu, "Universal current-mode filters employing CFCCIIps," Int. J. Electron., vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 749-754, 1998.
29. S. Özoğuz, A. Toker and O. Cicekoğlu, "High output impedance current-mode multifunction filter with the minimum number of active elements and reduced number of passive elements," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 1807-1809, 1998.
30. C. M. Chang and P. C. Chen, "Universal active current filter with three inputs and one output using current conveyors," Int. J. Electron., vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 817-819, 1991.
31. C. M. Chang, C. C. Chien, and H. Y. Wang, "Universal active current filter with three inputs and one output using current conveyors-Part 2," Int. J. Electron., vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 87-89, 1994.
32. E. O. Günus, A Toker, and S. Özoğuz, "Insensitive current-mode universal filter with minimum components using dual-output current conveyors," Electron. Lett., vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 524-525, 1999.
33. R. Senani and V. K. Singh, "Novel single-resistance-controlled-oscillator configuration using current feedback amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 698-700, 1996.
34. A. M. Soliman, "Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb circuit using current conveyors," Electron. Lett., vol. 30, no. 24, pp. 2019-2020, 1994.
35. R. Senani and V. K. Sigh, "KHN-equivalent biquad using current conveyors," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 626-628, Apr. 1995.
36. M. Higashimura and Y. Fukui, "Universal filter using plus-type CCIIs," Electron. Lett., vol.32, no.9, pp.810-811, Apr. 1996.
37. C. M. Chang, "Multifunction biquadratic filters using current conveyors," IEEE: Trans. on Circuits and Systems-II, vol.44, no.11, pp.956-958, Nov. 1997.
38. S. F. H. Naqshbendi and R. S. Sharma, "High input impedance current conveyor filters," Int. J. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 499-500, 1983.
39. M. Higashimura, "Realization of voltage-mode biquads using CCⅡ+," Electron. Lett., vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 1345-1346, July 1991.
40. A. Fabre, F. Dayoub, L. Duruisseau, and M. Kamoun, "High input impedance insensitive second-order filters implemented from current conveyors," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 41, pp. 918-921, Dec. 1994.
41. W. J. Horng, J. R. Lay, C W Chang, and M. H. Lee, "High input impedance voltage-mode multifunction filters using plus-type CCIIs, " Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 472-473, Mar. 1997.
42. S. S. Gupta and R. Senani, "Grounded-capacitor current-mode SRCO: novel application of DVCCC," Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 195-196, 2000.