臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

茶樹(Camellia sinenesis L.)為葉用作物，栽培過程注重氮肥施用。氮肥過量施於土壤將造成環境壓力，利用率也不佳，因此利用葉面施肥輔助部分氮肥施用作為解決之道。本研究旨在探討葉面施用尿素的時機及劑量對茶樹新梢生長及品質相關內容物之影響。全部試驗皆使用台茶十二號品種茶樹，於2017年三月定植扦插苗於3.5公升波特缽中，進行施肥試驗處理。施肥之時機點為修剪初期、魚葉展開期、兩片真葉展開期，並以僅選擇其中一個時機點進行葉面施肥(三處理)、選擇其中兩個時機點進行葉面施肥(三處理)、選擇三個時機點進行葉面施肥(一處理)及不進行葉面施肥(一處理)，未進行葉面施肥的時機點以土壤施肥補足總施用氮肥；劑量以施用單倍(0.5%，8毫升)及雙倍劑量(0.5%間隔五天共噴施兩次，共16毫升)尿素液肥，劑量與施肥時機點處理組合共計16個處理。從修剪開始算起，生長兩個月採收全部當季新生長枝條，調查枝條生長量、展開葉片數、萌發芽數等性狀。結果顯示，以雙倍劑量尿素施肥者有較多新梢枝條長度，選用兩個時機點葉面施肥與三個時機點皆葉面施肥者效果顯著高於不葉面施肥及僅葉面施肥一次者，但兩者比較之差異未達5%顯著差異。時機點「魚葉展開期」施肥經正向逐步迴歸分析，對於茶樹新梢生長長度沒有顯著影響。
2017年夏季試驗(五月至七月)去除魚葉展開期施肥處理，其餘時機點組合方式、劑量操作及生長量調查項目與2017年春季試驗相同，處此之外將採收枝條分為一心二葉部位及一心二葉以下部位，分別進行總游離胺基酸及總多元酚含量分析；並於2018年春季(三月至五月)再進行一次相同處理及調查、分析項目，以比較季節差異。春季整體生長勢緩慢，總含氮量低，試驗結束時已處於開面芽狀態。內容物累積濃度大致與夏梢一心二葉的含量一致，惟總游離胺基酸濃度在雙倍劑量組別有大量累積現象。從正向逐步回歸分析結果來看，在修剪初期、兩片真葉展開期進行土壤施肥之植株的氮施肥量，能夠用來預測當季梢中的總氮含量。兩次試驗比較下，夏季試驗整體生長勢強，總含氮量高，劑量處理在總含氮素量部分有顯現出差異；而且在試驗結束時枝條仍處於生長狀態。內容物累積量約有50%集中在一心二葉中，但不因劑量處理高，而發生總游離胺基酸大量累積情形。葉面施肥處理相較土壤施肥影響較多性狀的表現，而時機點以兩片真葉時期施肥對生長及內容物累積較具有影響性。
另一部分探討尿素葉面施肥吸收及代謝情況，試驗植物材料為萌發新梢之茶樹，全株噴施尿素水溶液，共兩處理處理，分別為施用0.5%尿素水溶液噴施一次隔128小時再施一次0.5%尿素水溶液及1%尿素水溶液一次。並於施用前、施用後1小時、2小時、4小時、8小時、16小時、32小時、64小時、128小時等9個時間點取樣分析，分析當季新梢已展開葉中尿素濃度；其中0.5%尿素施用組共分析兩個周期。尿素葉面施肥可以創造尿素在葉中累積高峰， 1%尿素水溶液可以在施用後1小時內，使葉片產生比0.5%尿素水溶液施用後的葉片，有更高的葉片尿素累積濃度，但隨後2-4小時會迅速降至穩定累積濃度之上限，兩者同於約在施用後五日降回施用前之尿素累積水準；而0.5%於第一次施肥後128小時再次施肥，追加調查同樣有類似第一次葉面施肥0.5%尿素的葉片尿素濃度累積高峰至再施肥64小時呈下降趨勢。此結果顯示，茶樹若要以葉面施肥追加氮素施肥量以選用0.5%尿素水溶液進行茶樹葉面施肥並間隔約128小時再施肥為佳。

Tea plants (Camellia sinenesis L.) are leafy plants. During producing process, nitrogen giving is concerned. Over-fertilization nitrogen in ground would threat economy other than low rate of nitrogen usage. Using foliar fertilization as partial nitrogen resource might be a solution to overcome the disadvantages. Main purposes of this research are to look into how foliar application effect on tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) growth and tea quality related content in new-born flush. Foliar application or ground application at timing combination and urea dosage are two treatment factor.
In first experiment, ‘TTES 12’ tea plants were treated in 2017. ‘After cutting’, ‘fish leaf extend’, ‘two true leaf extend’ are three fertilization timings. Timing combinations are treatments that choose none, one, two and three fertilization timings for nitrogen foliar application and the others for ground nitrogen application. Taking urea as nitrogen source, dosage differentiates are operated by 0.5% 8ml urea solution applying once or 0.5% 8 ml urea solution applying twice, five days as time interval. At 60th days after cutting, whole new-born flushes were investigated and analyzed. Investigated item include length, number of extend leaf of new-born flush and number of emerge flush. Analysis items include total amino acid, total polyphenol and total nitrogen.
In 2017 spring trail, more average new-born flush length was showed in double dosage treatments. When concerning about foliar application times effect, choosing two timing and three timing for foliar fertilization are statistically no difference in average new-born flush length. But they still statistically higher than none foliar fertilization and foliar fertilization once. Multiple linear regression are used to analyze effect of ground fertilization and foliar fertilization at timings. Result shows that fertilizing at ‘fish leaf extend’ doesn’t help growing of new-born flush.
In 2017 summer trail, ‘fish leaf extend’ timing was excluded, another detail that way of treatments and investigate items are as spring trail. Collected new-born flushes are separated into one bud with two leaves and below part for content analysis. Repeated trail was practiced in 2018 spring again for comparing seasonal discrepancy.
General speaking, growth potential of tea plant in spring is weak. At the trial end, new-born flushes are all at ‘banjhi’ stage. Total nitrogen content is lower than summer sample, but total polyphenol concentration is as much as that in one bud with two leaves part in summer trail. Except for total amino acid concentration, samples for double dosage treatment have nearly twice as much as summer ones. According to multiple linear regression, amount of ground nitrogen fertilization at ‘after cutting’ and ‘two true leaves extend’ can be used to predict amount of total nitrogen in spring new-born flush.
In summer trail, growth potential of tea plants are high. At the trial end, new-born flushes are all at ‘growing’ stage. Almost 50% content concentrated in part of one bud with two leaves, but it didn’t happen to excess accumulation. According to multiple linear regression, foliar or ground fertilize at ‘two true leaves extend’ both can be used to predict amount of total nitrogen in summer new-born flush, but amount of nitrogen from foliar fertilization at this timing have higher correlation to it.
Another experiment explore that how leaves absorb and metabolism urea after urea foliar application. Tea plants with several new-born flush are treated urea solution for whole plant. Treatments are 1% urea solution applying once and 0.5% urea solution applying twice, 128 hours as time interval. Sampling at before urea spray, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 hours after urea spray, urea concentration in tea leaves of new-born flush are analyzed. Urea foliar application can make urea concentration increase in mature leaves. 1% urea solution treatment have higher instant cumulate than 0.5% urea solution treatment in one hour. Then they will reach stable leaf-urea-accumulating limit and decrease in similar variation trend. And both back to before-treated level after 128 hours. Continuing sampling for 0.5% urea solution treatment, second-time 0.5% urea spray make similar variation trend as the first time spraying. When 32 hours after second-time 0.5% urea spray, it has been in a downward trend. As a result, 0.5% urea solution and five days at least as time interval is more suitable for tea plant to urea foliar fertilize.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
第一章、前言 1
第二章、文獻回顧 3
一、施肥管理在茶葉生產過程之重要性 3
二、氮肥施用方式 5
三、茶樹的營養生長與內容物變化 8
四、影響茶葉品質的內容物成分 10
(一)、多元酚類 11
(二)、生物鹼 12
(三)、揮發性化合物 12
(四)、胺基酸 13
第三章、材料與方法 15
第四章、結果與討論 19
結論 30
參考文獻 62
附錄一、各時間點施肥組合及施用氮素劑量 72
附錄二、2018年6月5日至2018年6月12日累積雨量 72

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