臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的目的以數值模擬法研究台灣海域已生產之水驅型氣層之再生產評估，本研究以C氣層做為案例並且建立地質模型和數值模式，並對 C氣層C-W區塊進行歷史調諧。研究中主要進行: (1)地質資料、儲集層參數、流體成份和生產資料蒐集；(2) 生產井之天然氣成份PVT性質分析；(3) 歷史調諧。歷史調諧主要是透過控制地層及流體參數並且加入水侵模式而達到最佳之調諧效果。
歷史調諧後獲得一個可信賴數值模型，數值模擬得到其原始氣體埋藏量約有22.29億立方公尺天然氣和25%的採收率，根據剩餘天然氣分佈圖，本研究針對此水驅型氣層提出新的增產評估，預期C氣層可再額外生產約3.4億立方公尺天然氣，可增加的採收率為17%。

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a produced water-drive gas reservoir in offshore Taiwan by reservoir simulation. The geological and numerical models for the C gas field case study were built and the history matching on the C gas field C-W block was performed. The major steps in the case study were: (1) gathering the geology, geophysics, PVT experiment, and production data, (2) studying the PVT behavior of a nature gas sample from the production well, and (3) history matching. The history matching was done via trial and error by modifying specific reservoir properties, performing end point scaling and modeling the aquifer support in the system.
After the history matching, a reliable numerical model was constructed. The reservoir simulation estimated that the Original Gas in Place was about 2,229 MMSCM and the gas recovery was 25%. Based on the distribution of remaining in-site gas, we propose a new production project for optimizing production from this water drive gas reservoir. Given the designed operation, the C gas field can be produced more 340 MMSCM of gas and predicted extra recovery is about 17%.

Contents
Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
中文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II
致謝--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III
Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
List of Tables------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII List of Figures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIII
Nomenclature------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------XI
Chapter 1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 Background ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Motivation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.3 Purpose----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Chapter 2 Literature review------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1 The gas recovery of water-drive gas reservoir-------------------------------------------------5
2.2 Coproduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.3 History matching-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.4 Summary of the literature review----------------------------------------------------------------8
Chapter 3 Methodology----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
3.1 Numerical simulation----------------------------------------------------------------------------9
3.1.1 Composition model -------------------------------------------------------------------------9
3.1.2 Conservation of mass-----------------------------------------------------------------------10
3.1.3 Darcy’s law for multi-compositional flow-----------------------------------------------11
3.1.4 Constraint equations------------------------------------------------------------------------12
3.1.5 Equation of state (EOS) of the Fluid------------------------------------------------------13
3.1.6 Jacobian matrix for the pressure equation -----------------------------------------------15
3.1.7 Compositional and saturations------------------------------------------------------------17
3.1.8 Solution method-----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
3.1.9 Implicit treatment of the flow equation of the reservoir--------------------------------18
3.1.10 Well model----------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
3.2 Aquifer model by Fetkovich-------------------------------------------------------------------21
Chapter 4 Case study------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
4.1 Reservoir description----------------------------------------------------------------------------23
4.2 Geological, engineering, and fluid experimental data-----------------------------------25
4.2.1 Reservoir type-------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
4.2.2 Engineering data----------------------------------------------------------------------------37
4.2.3 Production data------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.3 Reservoir simulation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------40
4.3.1 Reservoir grid--------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
4.3.2 Fluid property and characterization-----------------------------------------------------40
4.3.3 Reservoir rock property--------------------------------------------------------------------45
4.3.4 Well locations and completions data------------------------------------------------------48
4.3.5 Aquifer size and strength ------------------------------------------------------------------49
4.4 Numerical model construction------------------------------------------------------------------49
4.5 Sensitivity analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
4.6 History matching---------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
4.6.1 Parameters that can be changed to history matching-----------------------------------53
4.6.2 Matching gas and oil production----------------------------------------------------------54
4.6.3 Matching water production----------------------------------------------------------------55
4.6.4 History matching of well C-12------------------------------------------------------------56
4.6.5 History matching of well C-18------------------------------------------------------------58
4.6.6 History matching of well C-19------------------------------------------------------------60
4.6.7 History matching of well C-20------------------------------------------------------------62
4.7 Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
Chapter 5 Discussions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
5.1 Selection of the type of re-production for the C-W block-----------------------------------71
Chapter 6 Conclusions----------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78
Appendix A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81
Appendix B ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87
Appendix C ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91

References
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