臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

二十一世紀是顧客導向的時代，市場供給與需求態勢的轉變，消費者已經從過去被動的接受商品與服務，到今天主動的提出要求，聆聽顧客的聲音，確認顧客所追尋的價值並提昇產品或服務的附加價值，投其所好，以滿足該顧客的需求，是每一永續經營企業所探討的重要課題。
玩具與兒童的發展息息相關，為兒童成長中不可缺少的重要部分，在選擇時更需注重其玩具各方面的組成。但傳統玩具設計，極少考慮到顧客需求，玩具的消費者行為又不同於一般產品，購買者與使用者不同，且國內外鮮少研究針對玩具消費行為深入探討，窺探消費者購買動機困難。因此本研究透過修正後德懷法理論以及ERG需求理論，集合各位學者專家的意見與共識，產出消費者對玩具產品的需求屬性，有利於引導發掘消費者購買需求與動機，透過ERG需求理論了解消費者對於玩具之需求，得知消費者想要、需要以及重視的元素是什麼，透過品質機能展開進一步結合顧客的聲音並將其運用於TRIZ理論方法中。
本研究提出一系統化的益智教育玩具產品設計方法，有助於產品創新研發時，了解顧客需求，並在產品設計遇矛盾問題時之問題解決參考，透過系統化的設計模式，輔助傳統玩具設計之不足，有助於面對玩具產品生命週期日短、研究開發頻率高等特性下，更具有競爭力。

Toys play an indispensable role in the process of children’s development. When parents choose a toy, they pay much attention to the components of toys; however, traditional toys’ designers seldom considered their demand.

The consumer conduct of purchasing toys is different from that of purchasing other products. The purchasers and the users are different in that purchasers are usually the parents, not the child. There is little research investigating consumer conduct of purchasing toys. Also, it is difficult to reveal the motivation of the purchasing; therefore, the present study aims to explore the attribute of the consumers’ demand for toys through “Modified Delphi Method” and “ERG Theory” and through gathering opinions and mutual consents of scholars and experts.

Basing on the ERG Demand Theory, we obtain information on consumers’ levels of demand over toys as well as the elements of the toys they value the most. Through examining the quality and functions of toys and gathering customers’ opinions, the present study proposed a systematized product design method using QFD and TRIZ for educational toys, which adds the voices of customers, product quality and innovation factors in toys design. This method intends to help solve contradictory problems in product design while inventing and developing new products. This systematize design model intends to give support to the insufficiency of the traditional toy design, and increase the competitiveness in educational toys.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 vii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究流程 4
1.4 研究範圍 5
第二章 文獻探討 6
2.1 玩具 6
2.1.1 玩具的定義 6
2.1.2 台灣玩具的發展 6
2.1.3 玩具的特性 8
2.1.4 玩具的分類 8
2.1.5 兒童發展與玩具設計 9
2.1.6 玩具功能設計之探討 10
2.1.7 玩具的購買與選擇 11
2.1.8 小結 12
2.2 需求理論 13
2.2.1 Murray需求理論 13
2.2.2 Maslow需求理論 14
2.2.3 ERG需求理論 15
2.2.4小結 16
2.3 產品設計 17
2.3.1綠色產品設計 17
2.4 設計方法 18
2.4.1 試誤法（Try & Error） 18
2.4.2 腦力激盪法（Brainstorming） 19
2.4.3 合成╱類比法（Synectics） 19
2.4.4 情境分析法（Scenario Management） 20
2.4.5 型態分析法（Morphological Analysis） 21
2.4.6 仿生法（Bionics） 21
2.4.7 小結 22
2.5 品質機能展開(QFD) 23
2.5.1 QFD發展與定義 23
2.5.2 QFD品質屋 24
2.5.3 QFD效益 26
2.5.4小結 28
2.6 TRIZ理論 29
2.6.1 TRIZ 發展背景 29
2.6.2 TRIZ定義 30
2.6.3 TRIZ 理論基本觀點 31
2.6.4 TRIZ理論主要分析與解答工具 33
2.6.5 TRIZ與QFD之結合 35
2.6.6小結 36
第三章 研究方法 37
3.1 研究架構 37
3.2 研究進行流程 40
3.2.1德懷法專家問卷調查 40
3.2.2消費者問卷調查 44
3.2.3玩具之品質機能展開與TRIZ之構建 45
第四章 研究結果 46
4.1 德懷法結果 46
4.1.1德懷法施行前架構確認 46
4.1.2第一回合德懷法結果 48
4.1.3第二回合德懷法結果 53
4.2 消費者意見調查結果 56
4.2.1消費者基本資料分析 57
4.2.2消費者益智教育玩具調查分析 59
4.3 玩具品質機能展開與TRIZ建置 63
4.3.1品質機能展開 63
4.3.2益智教育玩具TRIZ之建置 69
第五章 結論與建議 78
5.1 研究結論 78
5.2 後續研究建議 79
參考文獻 81
附錄A：專家架構確認問卷 89
附錄B：德懷法第一回合問卷 94
附錄C：QFD消費者意見調查表 102
附錄D：消費者意見調查表 105
附錄E：39工程屬性 110
附錄F：40創新原則 114
附錄G：單一工程特性對應創新法則 119

英文文獻

1.Aarhus, V., “Market Oriented New Product Development - How Can A Means-End Chain Approach Affect the Process? ,” European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 8(12), No. 1, 2005, pp.79-90.
2.Abdul-Rahman, H., Kwan, C.L. and Woods, P.C., “Quality Function Deployment in Construction Design: Application in Low-Cost Housing Design,” The International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 16(6), 1999, pp.591-605.
3.Akao, Y. and Mazur, G.H., “The Leading Edge in QFD: Past, Present and Future,” The International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 20(1), 2003, pp.20-36.
4.Alderfer, C. P.,“ An empirical test of a new theory of human needs,” Organizational Behavior and human performance, 1969, pp.142-175.
5.Alderfer, C. P.,”Existence, rlatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings,” Free Press, New York., 1972.
6.Alexander, A. and Liou, Y.H.A., “Improving Customer Satisfaction in an R&D Environment,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, 1998.
7.Allan, A .,”Business Models: A Strategic Management Approach,”McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 1 edition, 2003.
8.Altshuller, G.,”The Innovation Algorithm︰TRIZ,” Systematic Innovation and Technical Creativity, Technical Innovation, 2000.
9.Archer, LB, “Systematic Method for Designers, ” in N Cross, (ed.), Developments in Design Methodology, Jhon Wiley & Sons Ltd, London,1964.
10.Asimow, M., “Introduction to Design”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962.
11.Baessler E., T. Breuer and M. Grawatsh, “Combing the Scenario Technique with QFD and TRIZ to A Product Innovation Methodology,” The TRIZ Journal, 2002.
12.Berry, L. L., V.A. Zeithaml, “Parasuraman Quality counts in services too,” Business Horizons, 1985, pp 44-52.
13.Bloch, P. H.,” Seeking the Ideal Form: Product Design and Consumer Response,” Journal of Marketing, 59(3), 1995, pp.16-29.
14.Bronson Matha B.,”The Right stuff foe Children Brith to Eight,”1995.
15.Brooks, K. W.,” Delphi technique: Expanding applications,” North Central association Quarterly, 53(3),1979, pp.377-385.
16.Burstiner, I., “Basic Retailing, ” 2rd, Irwin, 1991.
17.Chan, L.K. and Wu, M.L., “Quality Function Deployment: A Literature Review”, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.143, 2002, pp. 463-497.
18.Clarke, D. W, “TRIZ︰Through The Eyes of an American TRIZ Specialists, ”Ideation International, Southfield, MI ,1997.
19.Cristiano, J.J., Liker, J.K. and White, C.C. III, “Customer-Driven Product Development through Quality Function Deployment in the U.S. and Japan,” The Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 17(4), 2000, pp.286-308.
20.Domb, “ The ideal final result：Tutorial,” The TRIZ Journal, 1997.
21.Domb,”40 inventive(business) principles with examples,” The TRIZ Journal, September.1999.
22.Eversheim, Walter.” Innovations management fur technische,” CPC, 2005.
23.Faherty.V,”Continuing social work education: Results of Delphi survey,” Journal of Education for Social Work, 15(1), 1979, pp.12-19.
24.Franceschini, F. and Rossetto, S., “Quality Function Deployment: How to ImproveIts Use”, Total Quality Management, Vol. 9(6), 1998, pp.491-555.
25.Franchak, S. J., Desy, J. & Norton, E. L.,”Involving business, industry, and labor: Guidelines for planning and evaluation vocational education programs.”Columbus, Ohio State University, The National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1984.
26.Gahide. S, “Application of TRIZ to technology forecasting Case study：Yarn Spinning Technology,”The TRIZ Journal, 2000.
27.Gausemeier J., “Scenario Management：An Approach to Develop Future Potentials,”Technological Forecasting and Social Change, ”59, 1998, pp.111-130.
28.Gordon, W. J. J.,”Synectics: The development of creativity capacity,” NewYork , Haper & Row ,1961.
29.Govers, C.P.M., “What and How about Quality Function Deployment (QFD)”, Int. J. Production Economics, ” Vol. 46, 1996, pp.575-585.
30.Haapalainen, M., Kivisto-Rahnasto, J. and Mattila, M., “Ergonomic Design of Non-Powered Hand Tools: An Application of Quality Function Deployment (QFD)”, Occupational Ergonomics, Vol. 2, 2000, pp.179–189.
31.Hipple. J., “The integration of TRIZ problem solving techniques with other problem solving and assessment tools,” TheTRIZ Journal, 2003.
32.Hollden & Wedma,” Future issues of computer-mediated communication: The results of a Delphi study,” Educational technology research and development, 41(1), 1993, pp.5-24.
33.Jones, J. C.,” Design methods－Seeds of human futures,” New York, Jon Wikey & Sons, 1970.
34.Junior, W. K. & Guanabara, S. G.,” Methodology for product design based on the study of bionics,”Materials & Design, 26, 2004, pp.149-155.
35.Kogure, M. and Akao, Y., “Quality Function Deployment and CWQC in Japan”, Quality Progress, Vol. 16(10), 1983, pp.25-30.
36.Lanford, H. W.,”Technological forecasting methodologies: A synthesis,” American Management Association, Inc.,1972.
37.Lockamy, A. III, and Khurana, A., “Quality Function Deployment: Total Quality Management for New Product Design”, The International Journal of Quality & Reliability, Vol. 12(6), 1995, pp.73-84.
38.Mann, D. & Stratton, R, “Physical Contradictions and Evaporating Clouds (Case Study Applications of TRIZ and the Theory of Constraints)”, TRIZ Journal, 2000.
39.Mann, D.,” Systematic win win problem solving in a business environment,” The TRIZ Journal, 2002.
40.Maslow, A.H, “Motivation and Personality,” Harper and Row, NewYork, 1987.
41.Maslow, A.H., “Motivation and Personality,” Harper and Row, NewYork, 1970.
42.Maslow, A.H., “Motivation and Personality,” Harper and Row, NewYork, 1954.
43.Miyoung, J. and Haemoon, O., “Quality Function Deployment: an Extended Framework for Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Hospitality Industry”, Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, pp. 375-390, 1998.
44.Mohammad.H Saliminamin, Navid Nezafati , “A New Method For Creating The Non-Technologic Principles Of TRIZ,” The TRIZ Journal, 2003.
45.Murray, H. A., “Explorations in Personality: A Clinical and Experimental Study of Fifth Men of College Age,”Oxford Press, NewYork, 1938.
46.Murry J. W.& Hammons, J. O.,” Delphi: A versatile methodology for conducting qualitative research,”The review of Higher Education, 18(4) , 1995, pp. 423-436.
47.Mzckenzie, D., Green design-Design for the environment, Laurence King Ltd, 1997.
48.Nussbaum, Bruce, “Smart Design,” Business Week, 1988, pp.102-107.
49.Rantanen, K., E. Domb.,” Simplified TRIZ︰new problem solving application for engineers and manufacturing professionals,” CRC Press, NewYork, 2002.
50.Riger, W.G.,”Directions in Delphi developments: Dissertations and their quality,” Technological forecasting and social Change, 29, 1986, pp.195-204.
51.Roberts, E.B.,”Managing invention and innovation,” Research Technology Management, 41(1), 1988, pp.11-29.
52.Rowe, G. et al.,”Delphi: a rervaluation of research and theory,”Technology Forecasting and social Change, 39(3), 1991, pp.235-351.
53.Ruchti, B., Livotov, P.,“TRIZ based innovation principles and a process for problem solving in business and management,” The TRIZ Journal, 2001.
54.Rutter, Bryce G. & Agne, James A. W., “A Darwinian Theory of Good Design,” Design Management Journal, 1998, pp.36-41。
55.Saliminamin, M. H., N. Nezafati., “A new method for creating non technological principles of TRIZ”. The TRIZ Journal, 2003.
56.San, M., “Function Deployment (IQFD) for Discrete Assembly Environment”, Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 45, 2003, pp.269-283.
57.Savransky, S. D.,”Engineering of Creativity︰Introduction to TRIZ methodology of inventive problem solving,” CRC Press, 2000.
58.Sullivan, L. P. ,“QFD: The Beginning, the End, and the Problem In-Between, Quality Function Deployment: A Collection of Presentations and Case Studies. Dearborn,” MI: American Supplier Institute, 1987.
59.Terninko J., “The QFD, TRIZ and Taguchi Connection: Customer-Driven Robust Design,” The TRIZ Journal, 1998.
60.Terninko J.,”40 inventive principles with social examples,” The TRIZ Journal, 2001.
61.TRIZ Journal,”40 inventive principles with applications in service operations management,” The TRIZ Journal, 2003.
62.Veryzer Jr, R.W.,”The Place of Product Design and Aesthetics in Consumer Research,” Advances in Consumer Research, 22, 1995, pp.641-645.
63.Veryzer, Robert W., “An Exploratory Investigation of the Roles of Marketingand Industrial Design in the Discontinuous Innovation Products”, Workingpaper Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NewYork, 1999.
64.Veryzer, Robert W., “Design Consumer Research”, Design Management Journal Academic Review, 2000 , pp.64-73
65.Veryzer, Robert W.,” Aesthetic Response and the Influence of Design Principles on Product Preferences,” Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.20, 1993, pp. 224-228.
66.Vygotsky, L.S., “Mind in society: the development of higfer mental processws”, Cambrige, MA., Harvard University Press, 1998.
67.Wu, J. C., “A Diagnostic Tool to Establish the Relative Design sense of the Designers and Clients”, Ph.D. Thesis, De Montfort University, Leicester, 1999.
68.Yin, R.K.,”Case study research：design and methods”, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 1994.
69.Zhang, J., K. C. Tan, K. H. Chai.,” Systematic innovation in service design through TRIZ,” The TRIZ Journal, 2003.
70.Zimmerman, L.D. & Galovini.G,”Toy as learning materials for preschool children,” Exceptional children, No.5, 1971, pp.642-645.

中文文獻

書籍
1.中國生產力中心，系統化品質展開實務技術手冊，台北：三友出版社，1992。
2.水野滋、赤尾洋二，品質機能展開法，台北：先鋒企業管理發展中心，1989。
3.王連生，親職與幼教，台北：師大書院，1992。
4.仲玉凱，玩具品質與設計指引，中國：化學工業出版社，2006。
5.何諾德，兒童遊戲，台北：桂冠，1991。
6.赤尾洋二，品質展開法，台中：聯經出版事業公司，1992。
7.林玉婷，為孩子選玩具，台北：時報文化出版，1988。
8.徐澄清，啟發兒童發展的遊戲，台北：健康叢書，1987。
9.張非、王洪閣，玩具與創新設計，中國：化學工業出版社，2005。
10.陳敦禮、杜文謙、黃瑞祺、賈士容，我國中小企業技術水準之研究 : 玩具業，台北：台灣經濟研究院，1990。
11.榮泰生，消費者行為，台北：五南，1999。

學位論文
1.王仁慶，TRIZ 創新設計方法之改良研究，碩士論文，成功大學機械工程學系，台南，2002。
2.王月青，影響產品價值感之造形元素探討，碩士論文，台灣科技大學設計研究所，台北，2001。
3.阮慧貞，親子遊戲環境中親子遊戲互動相關因素之探討，碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學工業教育研究所，台北，2002。
4.翁陽明，幼兒家長購買益智教育玩具的消費動機與消費行為之研究-以台中市為例，碩士論文，國立彰化師範大學技職行政管理碩士班，彰化，2005。
5.陳健樟，應用兒童知識介入兒童身心發展玩具設計開發之探討，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學創新設計研究所，台北，2002。
6.傅蒼松，國內市場玩具購買行為研究--以台北市國小學童家庭為對象，碩士論文，中國文化大學企業管理研究所，台北，1987。
7.賀慧玲，幼兒玩具選擇偏好研究，碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所，台北，1990。
8.黃淑貞，台北市四個鄰里公園中兒童遊戲行為之研究，國立台灣大學園藝學研究所，台北，1987。
9.劉志成，TRIZ方法改良與綠色創新設計方法之研究，博士論文，成功大學機械工程學系，台南，2003。
10.盧佩鈺，嬰幼兒身心發展與延續性功能在玩具設計上之研究，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學創新設計研究所，台北，2003。
11.賴世仁，產品創意設計、功能屬性對使用者愉悅性關係之探討─以遙控機器人玩具為例，碩士論文，國立台北教育大學玩具與遊戲設計研究所，台北，2006。

期刊論文
1.王美蘭，「影響幼兒發展媒介—玩具與教具」，台灣教育，第521期，1994，第32-33頁。
2.徐澄清，「從遊戲中學習」，健康世界，第三期，1986，第76-89頁。
3.秦自強，「依據學齡前兒童身心發展特質與玩具設計要素評斷法開發幼兒益智玩具之可行性研究」，明志工專學報，第二十五期，1993，第181-196頁。
4.秦自強，「學前兒童玩具設計要素評斷研究」，明志工專學報，第二十四期，第76-89頁。
5.健寶園幼兒發展研究中心，「選擇玩具的六大重點」，媽媽寶寶，第64-74頁。
6.郭靜晃，「適齡玩物的選擇」，蒙特梭利月刊，第32期，2002，第10-13頁。
7.陳鳳卿，「選擇幼兒玩具的七大考量」，育兒生活，2003，第172-175頁。
8.曾慧芸，「我會自已玩」，學前教育，第一期，2001，第28-31頁。
9.黃永東，「整合TRIZ和QFD的創新產品規劃之探討」，品質月刊，2005，第64-68頁。
10.鄧淑如，「幼兒玩具與心智發展」，親子教育，第116期，2005，第14-15頁。

會議論文
1.郭春在，「從幼兒身心發展觀點探討幼兒玩具設計之研究」，2005，第53-62頁。
2.陳美玲，「學齡前幼兒玩具設計與色彩教育之研究-以教育性玩具為例」，第三屆設計研討會論文集，1998，第669頁。
3.陳家豪，「論TRIZ矛盾矩陣」，2006中華萃思學會學術暨實務研討會論文集，新竹，2006。

網頁
1.全國工業總會 http://www.cnfi.org.tw/kmportal/front/bin/home.phtml
2.工業團體服務網 http://www.industry.org.tw/
3.內政部 戶籍人口統計月報 http://www.moi.gov.tw/home/home.asp