臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主旨在研製風力發電系統之最大功率追蹤器。傳統的最大功率追蹤器多為升壓轉換器架構，控制法多採用擾動觀察法，然而發電機之發電功率隨著風速與風向而變，且此兩變因均非常快速與劇烈，故本文提出可適用高功率且具昇降壓功能之架構與追蹤速度較快的T-S 模糊控制法來實踐，並和傳統擾動法做比較。本論文先介紹風力發電系統如何由後級轉換器做到最大功率追蹤。將對系統做建模，接著建立兩種方法的控制策略並詳述T-S 模糊控制法，再由微控制器實踐此兩種控制方法。實驗驗證最大功率追蹤準確性，接著量測於變風速與風向角時的追蹤情形，再來證實在變換快速的風力系統中，T-S 模糊控制法追蹤速率較快且準確，並探討系統強健性。

This thesis is mainly about developing a maximum power point tracker for wind power system. Most of conventional maximum power point trackers were constructed from a step-up converter, and adopted P&O as a control method. However, the generator power will dramatically vary based on the enormously fluctuation of the wind velocity and the wind direction. Therefore, this study proposes the T-S fuzzy control method which owns the faster tracking velocity and realizes the high power DC-DC converter with both step up and down functions. By the way, the T-S fuzzy control method is compare with the conventional P&O method. First, this thesis introduces how the wind generator achieves the maximum power point tracking by using a backward converter. Second, the wind power system is modeled for computer simulation. Then, this thesis proposes a robust T-S fuzzy control for the wind power system with decay rate. Last, the T-S fuzzy controller is implemented by using a micro processor. Three kinds of MPPT experiments are conducted. They are single wind power curve with fixed pitch angle, multiple wind power curves with fixed pitch angle, and multiple wind power curves with fixed wind velocity. Experimental results verify that the T-S fuzzy control method tracks more expeditiously and precisely in the rapidly shift of wind farm. The robustness of the wind power system is also discussed.

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 研究動機 2
1-2 論文架構 5
第二章 風力發電系統建模與調變風能最大功率原理 7
2-1 風能系統介紹 7
2-1-1 風能來源 7
2-1-2 理想流體 8
2-2 風力發電原理 8
2-2-1 風能潛勢評估 8
2-2-2 風能轉換效率 9
2-2-3 風力發電曲線 9
2-3 電壓調節功率介紹 11
2-4 風能系統建模介紹 16
2-4-1 開迴路測試 16
2-2-2 閉迴路控制 17
第三章 系統架構 18
3-1 最大功率追蹤器系統架構 18
3-2 硬體周邊電路 19
3-2-1 數位控制器介紹 19
3-2-2 輔助電源電路 20
3-2-3 開關驅動電路 21
3-2-4 電壓偵測電路 22
3-2-5 電流偵測電路 23
3-2-6 硬體保護電路 24
3-3 動作原理 25
3-3-1 降壓模式 25
3-3-2 升壓模式 27
第四章 擾動觀察法與強健性T-S模糊控制法介紹 29
4-1 擾動觀察法理論 29
4-2 T-S模糊控制法理論 30
4-3 應用於風力發電系統之T-S模糊控制法設計 32
4-3-1 目標函數確立 32
4-3-2 系統狀態方程式 33
4-3-3 建立模糊規則表 36
4-3-4 控制器設計 38
第五章 具強健性之風力發電系統最大功率追蹤器設計 39
5-1 強健性風力發電系統穩定條件推導 39
5-2 模式不確定性 47
5-3 抗干擾能力 49
5-4 衰減率 51
第六章 軟體規劃與系統建模 54
6-1 擾動觀察法程式流程 54
6-1-1 系統主程式 54
6-1-2 緩啟動副函式 55
6-1-3 AD中斷副函式 56
6-1-4 擾動觀察法副函式 56
6-1-5 轉態副函式 57
6-1-6 保護副函式 58
6-2 T-S 模糊控制法程式流程 59
6-2-1 系統主程式 59
6-2-2 T-S 模糊控制法副函式 59
6-2-3 T-S 模糊轉態副函式 60
6-3 Psim建模介紹 61
第七章 模擬與實測結果 62
7-1 電氣規格 63
7-2 硬體波形改善 64
7-3 模擬風機曲線實測 67
7-3-1 模擬風機曲線 67
7-3-2 單一曲線實測 69
7-3-3 轉態實測 75
7-3-4 定風向角變風速 80
7-3-5 定風速變風向角 83
7-3-6 任意風吹曲線 87
7-4 風能系統併網之模擬結果 90
第八章 結論與未來展望 92
8-1 結論 92
8-2 未來展望 92
參考文獻 93

[1]RENE21, “Renewables 2012 Global Report,” 2012.
[2]F. Castellani, A. Garinei, L. Terzi, D. Astolfi, and M. Gaudiosi,“Improvimg windfarm operation practice through numerical modeling and supervisory control and data acquisition data analysis,” IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 8, no. 4, pp 367-379, 2014.
[3]V. Hamidi and F. Li, “Value of windfarm location and penetration on operation of power system and benefits of responsive demand,” in Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and PowerTechnologies, 2008. DRPT 2008. Third International Conference, 2008, pp 2712-2718.
[4]Chain-Song Chiu, Zong-Han Li, and Yi-Haun Chen, “T-S fuzzy direct MPPT of wind energy conversion system ” International Journal of Fuzzy System, vol. 15, No. 2, Jine 2013.
[5]D. Sahu, “Maximum Power Extraction for Direct Driven Variable Speed Wind Turbine System Using PMSG and Fixed Pitch Angle. ” IEEE ICCCCM l Conference on Control Year: 2013 , Page(s): 1 - 7
[6]J. Hui, A. Bakhshai, and P. K. Jain, “Control and modeling of a wind energy system with a three-phase DCM boost converter and a sensorless maximum point power tracking method,” in Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), 2012 IEEE PES, 2012, pp 1-7.
[7]Yi-Chun Hsu, An Investigation of Maximum Power Point Tracking by Perturb and Observe Method for a Small-Scale Wind Power Generation System, Master Thesis, Institute of Mechatronic Technology, National Taiwain Normal University, ROC, 2010.
[8]M. G. Simoes, B. K. Bose and R. J. Spiegel, “Design and performance evaluation of a fuzzy-logic-based variable-speed wind generation system,” IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 33, no. 4, pp 956-965, July/August 2001.
[9]R. Chedid, F. Mard and M. Basma, “Intelligent control of a class of wind energy conversion systems,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 1597-1604, December 1999.
[10]Q. Wang and L. Chang, “An independent maximum power extraction strategy for wind energy conversion systems,” Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 1999, pp. 1142-1147.
[11]H. Li et al., “Development of a unified design, test, and research platform for wind energy systems and research platform for wind energy systems,” IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 3604-3608, 2006.
[12]Y. Ren and G. Bao, “Control strategy of maximum wind energy capture of direct-drive wind turbine generator based on neural-network,” In Proc. of Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), pp. 1-4, Chengdu, China, 2010.
[13]T. afticht, K. Agbossou and A. Cheriti, “DC bus control of variable speed wind turbine using abuck-boost converter, ” in Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006.
[14]M. Uno and K. Tanaka, “Single-switch equalization charger using multi-stacked buck-boost converters for series-connected energy storage cells.” in Proc IEEE IPEC, pp. 2990-2996, 2011.
[15]Ching-Tsai Pan, Jeng-Yue Chen, Chin-Peng Chu, and Yi-Shuo Huang,”A fast maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic power system,” in Proc IECON ’99. Vol. 1,pp. 390-393, 1999.
[16]J. Hui and P.K. Jain, “Power management and control of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking (MPPT)” in Proc IEEE PEDS, pp. 5966-5971, 2012.
[17]A. Z. Mohamed, M. N. Eskander, and F. A. Ghali, “Fuzzy logic control based maximum power tracking of a wind energy system,” in Renewable Energy, vol. 23, pp. 235-245, June 2001.
[18]Y. Higuchi, N. Yamamura, M. Ishida, and T. Hori, “An improvement of performance forsmall-scaled wind power generating system with permanent magnet type synchronous. ” in Proc IEEE IECON, pp. 1037-1043, 2009.
[19]Zhao Liang , Han Hualing, Chen Ning and Zhu Lingzhi, “Fuzzy soliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of wind power generation system. ” in Proc IEEE WAC, pp. 1-4, 2012.
[20]N. Yamamura, M. Ishida and T. Hori, “A simple wind power generating system with permanent magnet type synchronous generator,” IEEE PEDS’99, Hong Kong, pp. 849-854, 1999.
[21]R. Datta and V. T. Tanganathan, “A method of tracking the peak power points for a variable speed wind energy conversion system,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 163-168, March 2003.
[22]Chia Seet Chin, Yit Kwong Chin, Bih Lii Chua, Kiring, A. and Teo, K.T.K., “Fuzzy logic based MPPT for PV array under partially shaded conditions. ” in Proc IEEE ACSAT, pp. 133-138, 2012.
[23]Yau-Hwang Kuo and Chao-Lieh Chen, “Generic LR fuzzy cells for fuzzy hardware synthesis.” IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy system. vol.6, no. 2, pp. 266-285, 1998.
[24]Chia-Feng Juang and Ksuan-Chun Ku,“A recurrent fuzzy network for fuzzy temporal sequence processing and gesture recognition.” IEEE Transactions on TSMCB, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 646-658, 2005.
[25]Putri, A.I., Minho Ahn and Jaeho Choi “Speed sensorless fuzzy MPPT control of grid-connected PMSG for wind power generation” in Proc IEEE ICRERA, pp. 1-6, 2012.
[26]J. Hui and P.K. Jain, “Power management and control of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a fuzzy logic basedmaximum power point tracking (MPPT) ” in Proc IEEE IECON, pp. 5966-5971, 2012.
[27]Qingrong Zeng, Liuchen Chang and Riming Shao “Fuzzy-logic-based maximum power point tracking strategy for Pmsg variable -speed wind turbine generation systems” in Proc IEEE CCECE, pp. 405-410, 2008.
[28]A.H. Besheer, H.M. Emara, and M.M. Abdel-Aziz, “Fuzzy based output feedback control for wind energy conversion system: An LMI approach” in Proc IEEE PSCE, pp. 2030-2037, 2006.
[29]R.C.L.F. Oliveira, and P.L.D. Peres, “Parameter-dependent LMIs in robust analysis: Characterization of homogeneous polynomially parameter-dependent solutions via LMI relaxations,” IEEE Transaction on Automatic Control, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1334-1440, 2007.
[30] V. J. S. Leite and P. L. D. Peres, “An improved LMI condition for robust D-stability of uncertain polytopic systems,” IEEE Transaction on Autom. Control, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 500–504, Mar. 2003.
[31]Kamal, E., Bayart, M. and Aitouche, “A robust control of wind energy conversion systems, ” in Proc IEEE CCCA, pp. 1-6, 2011.
[32]H.K. Lam, F.H.F. Leung, and P.K.S. Tam, “Stable and robust fuzzy control for uncertain nonlinear systems,” IEEE Transaction on systems, man, and cybernetics , vol. 30, pp. 825-840, 2000.
[33]N. A. Sofianos and O. I Kosmidou, “Robust fuzzy control of nonlinear discrete-time systems with polytopic uncertainties,” in Proc Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, pp. 25-30, 2009.
[34]N. Mutoh and A. Nagasawa,“A maximum power point tracking control method suitable for compact wind power generators, ” in Proc IEEE PESC, pp. 1-7, 2006.
[35]Q. Wang and L. C. Chang, “An intelligent maximum power extraction algorithm for inverter-based variable speed wind turbine systems, ” IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 19, pp. 1242-1249, Sept. 2004.
[36]S. Thongam, P. Bouchard, R. Beguenane, A.F. Okou, and A. Merabet, “Control of variable speed wind energy conversion system using a wind speed sensorless optimum speed MPPT control method” in Proc IEEE 2011 Industrial Electronics Society Conference IECON, 2011, pp. 855 - 860
[37]R. Datta and V. T. Ranganathan, “A method of tracking the peak power points for a variable speed wind energy conversion system, ” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vo. 18, no. I, pp. 163-168, March 2003.
[38]A.M.O. Haruni, M.E. Haque, A. Gargoom, and M. Negnevitsky, “Control of a direct drive rpm synchronous generator based variable speed wind turbine with energy storage” in Proc IEEE 2010 Industrial Electronics Society Conference IECON 2010, pp. 457 - 563
[39]TEXAS INSTRUMENT,TMS320x2806x Piccolo Technical Reference Manual. Inc., 2011.
[40]TLP350 TOSHIBA Photocoupler GaAℓAs IRED + Photo IC. Available: http://datasheet.octopart.com/TLP350(TP1,F)-Toshiba-datasheet-148055.pdf
[41]LEM Current Transducers HY 5 to 25-P. Available:
http://data.datasheetlib.com/pdf1/13/25/132521/hy-10-p_cf340c1962.pdf